Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP02065
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7544
Name Low-density lipoprotein receptor
Synonyms
  1. LDL receptor
Gene Name LDLR
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific Function Binds LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. In case of HIV-1 infection, functions as a receptor for extracellular Tat in neurons, mediating its internalization in uninfected cells
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Component
membrane
cell part
Function
ion binding
cation binding
metal ion binding
binding
calcium ion binding
Cellular Location
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Endomembrane system
  3. Membrane
  4. Single-pass type I membrane protein
  5. Single-pass type I membrane protein
  6. Single-pass type I membrane protein
  7. clathrin-coated pit
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:1
Locus 19p13.3
SNPs LDLR
Gene Sequence
>2583 bp
ATGGGGCCCTGGGGCTGGAAATTGCGCTGGACCGTCGCCTTGCTCCTCGCCGCGGCGGGG
ACTGCAGTGGGCGACAGATGCGAAAGAAACGAGTTCCAGTGCCAAGACGGGAAATGCATC
TCCTACAAGTGGGTCTGCGATGGCAGCGCTGAGTGCCAGGATGGCTCTGATGAGTCCCAG
GAGACGTGCTTGTCTGTCACCTGCAAATCCGGGGACTTCAGCTGTGGGGGCCGTGTCAAC
CGCTGCATTCCTCAGTTCTGGAGGTGCGATGGCCAAGTGGACTGCGACAACGGCTCAGAC
GAGCAAGGCTGTCCCCCCAAGACGTGCTCCCAGGACGAGTTTCGCTGCCACGATGGGAAG
TGCATCTCTCGGCAGTTCGTCTGTGACTCAGACCGGGACTGCTTGGACGGCTCAGACGAG
GCCTCCTGCCCGGTGCTCACCTGTGGTCCCGCCAGCTTCCAGTGCAACAGCTCCACCTGC
ATCCCCCAGCTGTGGGCCTGCGACAACGACCCCGACTGCGAAGATGGCTCGGATGAGTGG
CCGCAGCGCTGTAGGGGTCTTTACGTGTTCCAAGGGGACAGTAGCCCCTGCTCGGCCTTC
GAGTTCCACTGCCTAAGTGGCGAGTGCATCCACTCCAGCTGGCGCTGTGATGGTGGCCCC
GACTGCAAGGACAAATCTGACGAGGAAAACTGCGCTGTGGCCACCTGTCGCCCTGACGAA
TTCCAGTGCTCTGATGGAAACTGCATCCATGGCAGCCGGCAGTGTGACCGGGAATATGAC
TGCAAGGACATGAGCGATGAAGTTGGCTGCGTTAATGTGACACTCTGCGAGGGACCCAAC
AAGTTCAAGTGTCACAGCGGCGAATGCATCACCCTGGACAAAGTCTGCAACATGGCTAGA
GACTGCCGGGACTGGTCAGATGAACCCATCAAAGAGTGCGGGACCAACGAATGCTTGGAC
AACAACGGCGGCTGTTCCCACGTCTGCAATGACCTTAAGATCGGCTACGAGTGCCTGTGC
CCCGACGGCTTCCAGCTGGTGGCCCAGCGAAGATGCGAAGATATCGATGAGTGTCAGGAT
CCCGACACCTGCAGCCAGCTCTGCGTGAACCTGGAGGGTGGCTACAAGTGCCAGTGTGAG
GAAGGCTTCCAGCTGGACCCCCACACGAAGGCCTGCAAGGCTGTGGGCTCCATCGCCTAC
CTCTTCTTCACCAACCGGCACGAGGTCAGGAAGATGACGCTGGACCGGAGCGAGTACACC
AGCCTCATCCCCAACCTGAGGAACGTGGTCGCTCTGGACACGGAGGTGGCCAGCAATAGA
ATCTACTGGTCTGACCTGTCCCAGAGAATGATCTGCAGCACCCAGCTTGACAGAGCCCAC
GGCGTCTCTTCCTATGACACCGTCATCAGCAGGGACATCCAGGCCCCCGACGGGCTGGCT
GTGGACTGGATCCACAGCAACATCTACTGGACCGACTCTGTCCTGGGCACTGTCTCTGTT
GCGGATACCAAGGGCGTGAAGAGGAAAACGTTATTCAGGGAGAACGGCTCCAAGCCAAGG
GCCATCGTGGTGGATCCTGTTCATGGCTTCATGTACTGGACTGACTGGGGAACTCCCGCC
AAGATCAAGAAAGGGGGCCTGAATGGTGTGGACATCTACTCGCTGGTGACTGAAAACATT
CAGTGGCCCAATGGCATCACCCTAGATCTCCTCAGTGGCCGCCTCTACTGGGTTGACTCC
AAACTTCACTCCATCTCAAGCATCGATGTCAACGGGGGCAACCGGAAGACCATCTTGGAG
GATGAAAAGAGGCTGGCCCACCCCTTCTCCTTGGCCGTCTTTGAGGACAAAGTATTTTGG
ACAGATATCATCAACGAAGCCATTTTCAGTGCCAACCGCCTCACAGGTTCCGATGTCAAC
TTGTTGGCTGAAAACCTACTGTCCCCAGAGGATATGGTTCTCTTCCACAACCTCACCCAG
CCAAGAGGAGTGAACTGGTGTGAGAGGACCACCCTGAGCAATGGCGGCTGCCAGTATCTG
TGCCTCCCTGCCCCGCAGATCAACCCCCACTCGCCCAAGTTTACCTGCGCCTGCCCGGAC
GGCATGCTGCTGGCCAGGGACATGAGGAGCTGCCTCACAGAGGCTGAGGCTGCAGTGGCC
ACCCAGGAGACATCCACCGTCAGGCTAAAGGTCAGCTCCACAGCCGTAAGGACACAGCAC
ACAACCACCCGGCCTGTTCCCGACACCTCCCGGCTGCCTGGGGCCACCCCTGGGCTCACC
ACGGTGGAGATAGTGACAATGTCTCACCAAGCTCTGGGCGACGTTGCTGGCAGAGGAAAT
GAGAAGAAGCCCAGTAGCGTGAGGGCTCTGTCCATTGTCCTCCCCATCGTGCTCCTCGTC
TTCCTTTGCCTGGGGGTCTTCCTTCTATGGAAGAACTGGCGGCTTAAGAACATCAACAGC
ATCAACTTTGACAACCCCGTCTATCAGAAGACCACAGAGGATGAGGTCCACATTTGCCAC
AACCAGGACGGCTACAGCTACCCCTCGAGACAGATGGTCAGTCTGGAGGATGACGTGGCG
TGA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 860
Molecular Weight 95375.1
Theoretical pI 4.64
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • 1-21
Transmembrane Regions
  • 789-810
Protein Sequence
>Low-density lipoprotein receptor
MGPWGWKLRWTVALLLAAAGTAVGDRCERNEFQCQDGKCISYKWVCDGSAECQDGSDESQ
ETCLSVTCKSGDFSCGGRVNRCIPQFWRCDGQVDCDNGSDEQGCPPKTCSQDEFRCHDGK
CISRQFVCDSDRDCLDGSDEASCPVLTCGPASFQCNSSTCIPQLWACDNDPDCEDGSDEW
PQRCRGLYVFQGDSSPCSAFEFHCLSGECIHSSWRCDGGPDCKDKSDEENCAVATCRPDE
FQCSDGNCIHGSRQCDREYDCKDMSDEVGCVNVTLCEGPNKFKCHSGECITLDKVCNMAR
DCRDWSDEPIKECGTNECLDNNGGCSHVCNDLKIGYECLCPDGFQLVAQRRCEDIDECQD
PDTCSQLCVNLEGGYKCQCEEGFQLDPHTKACKAVGSIAYLFFTNRHEVRKMTLDRSEYT
SLIPNLRNVVALDTEVASNRIYWSDLSQRMICSTQLDRAHGVSSYDTVISRDIQAPDGLA
VDWIHSNIYWTDSVLGTVSVADTKGVKRKTLFRENGSKPRAIVVDPVHGFMYWTDWGTPA
KIKKGGLNGVDIYSLVTENIQWPNGITLDLLSGRLYWVDSKLHSISSIDVNGGNRKTILE
DEKRLAHPFSLAVFEDKVFWTDIINEAIFSANRLTGSDVNLLAENLLSPEDMVLFHNLTQ
PRGVNWCERTTLSNGGCQYLCLPAPQINPHSPKFTCACPDGMLLARDMRSCLTEAEAAVA
TQETSTVRLKVSSTAVRTQHTTTRPVPDTSRLPGATPGLTTVEIVTMSHQALGDVAGRGN
EKKPSSVRALSIVLPIVLLVFLCLGVFLLWKNWRLKNINSINFDNPVYQKTTEDEVHICH
NQDGYSYPSRQMVSLEDDVA
GenBank ID Protein 21629648
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P01130
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name LDLR_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID AY114155
GeneCard ID LDLR
GenAtlas ID LDLR
HGNC ID HGNC:6547
References
General References
  1. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012. [PubMed:19159218 ]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed:15489334 ]
  3. Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ: Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):94-101. Epub 2004 Dec 12. [PubMed:15592455 ]
  4. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed:16335952 ]
  5. Heibeck TH, Ding SJ, Opresko LK, Zhao R, Schepmoes AA, Yang F, Tolmachev AV, Monroe ME, Camp DG 2nd, Smith RD, Wiley HS, Qian WJ: An extensive survey of tyrosine phosphorylation revealing new sites in human mammary epithelial cells. J Proteome Res. 2009 Aug;8(8):3852-61. doi: 10.1021/pr900044c. [PubMed:19534553 ]
  6. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed:10391209 ]
  7. Wolf-Yadlin A, Hautaniemi S, Lauffenburger DA, White FM: Multiple reaction monitoring for robust quantitative proteomic analysis of cellular signaling networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):5860-5. Epub 2007 Mar 26. [PubMed:17389395 ]
  8. Zhang H, Li XJ, Martin DB, Aebersold R: Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;21(6):660-6. Epub 2003 May 18. [PubMed:12754519 ]
  9. Yamamoto T, Davis CG, Brown MS, Schneider WJ, Casey ML, Goldstein JL, Russell DW: The human LDL receptor: a cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA. Cell. 1984 Nov;39(1):27-38. [PubMed:6091915 ]
  10. Sudhof TC, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW: The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins. Science. 1985 May 17;228(4701):815-22. [PubMed:2988123 ]
  11. Hofer F, Gruenberger M, Kowalski H, Machat H, Huettinger M, Kuechler E, Blaas D: Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate cell entry of a minor-group common cold virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 1;91(5):1839-42. [PubMed:8127891 ]
  12. Davis CG, Elhammer A, Russell DW, Schneider WJ, Kornfeld S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: Deletion of clustered O-linked carbohydrates does not impair function of low density lipoprotein receptor in transfected fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 25;261(6):2828-38. [PubMed:3005267 ]
  13. Davis CG, van Driel IR, Russell DW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: The low density lipoprotein receptor. Identification of amino acids in cytoplasmic domain required for rapid endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 25;262(9):4075-82. [PubMed:3104336 ]
  14. Liu Y, Jones M, Hingtgen CM, Bu G, Laribee N, Tanzi RE, Moir RD, Nath A, He JJ: Uptake of HIV-1 tat protein mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein disrupts the neuronal metabolic balance of the receptor ligands. Nat Med. 2000 Dec;6(12):1380-7. [PubMed:11100124 ]
  15. He G, Gupta S, Yi M, Michaely P, Hobbs HH, Cohen JC: ARH is a modular adaptor protein that interacts with the LDL receptor, clathrin, and AP-2. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 15;277(46):44044-9. Epub 2002 Sep 8. [PubMed:12221107 ]
  16. Wu JH, Peppel K, Nelson CD, Lin FT, Kohout TA, Miller WE, Exum ST, Freedman NJ: The adaptor protein beta-arrestin2 enhances endocytosis of the low density lipoprotein receptor. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 7;278(45):44238-45. Epub 2003 Aug 27. [PubMed:12944399 ]
  17. Bartosch B, Dubuisson J, Cosset FL: Infectious hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles containing functional E1-E2 envelope protein complexes. J Exp Med. 2003 Mar 3;197(5):633-42. [PubMed:12615904 ]
  18. Burden JJ, Sun XM, Garcia AB, Soutar AK: Sorting motifs in the intracellular domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor interact with a novel domain of sorting nexin-17. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):16237-45. Epub 2004 Jan 22. [PubMed:14739284 ]
  19. Zelcer N, Hong C, Boyadjian R, Tontonoz P: LXR regulates cholesterol uptake through Idol-dependent ubiquitination of the LDL receptor. Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1168974. Epub 2009 Jun 11. [PubMed:19520913 ]
  20. Daly NL, Scanlon MJ, Djordjevic JT, Kroon PA, Smith R: Three-dimensional structure of a cysteine-rich repeat from the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6334-8. [PubMed:7603991 ]
  21. Daly NL, Djordjevic JT, Kroon PA, Smith R: Three-dimensional structure of the second cysteine-rich repeat from the human low-density lipoprotein receptor. Biochemistry. 1995 Nov 7;34(44):14474-81. [PubMed:7578052 ]
  22. Fass D, Blacklow S, Kim PS, Berger JM: Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolaemia from structure of LDL receptor module. Nature. 1997 Aug 14;388(6643):691-3. [PubMed:9262405 ]
  23. Kurniawan ND, Atkins AR, Bieri S, Brown CJ, Brereton IM, Kroon PA, Smith R: NMR structure of a concatemer of the first and second ligand-binding modules of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor. Protein Sci. 2000 Jul;9(7):1282-93. [PubMed:10933493 ]
  24. Rudenko G, Henry L, Henderson K, Ichtchenko K, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Deisenhofer J: Structure of the LDL receptor extracellular domain at endosomal pH. Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2353-8. Epub 2002 Nov 29. [PubMed:12459547 ]
  25. Hobbs HH, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(6):445-66. [PubMed:1301956 ]
  26. Varret M, Rabes JP, Collod-Beroud G, Junien C, Boileau C, Beroud C: Software and database for the analysis of mutations in the human LDL receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Jan 1;25(1):172-80. [PubMed:9016531 ]
  27. Leitersdorf E, Hobbs HH, Fourie AM, Jacobs M, van der Westhuyzen DR, Coetzee GA: Deletion in the first cysteine-rich repeat of low density lipoprotein receptor impairs its transport but not lipoprotein binding in fibroblasts from a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):7912-6. [PubMed:3263645 ]
  28. Leitersdorf E, Van der Westhuyzen DR, Coetzee GA, Hobbs HH: Two common low density lipoprotein receptor gene mutations cause familial hypercholesterolemia in Afrikaners. J Clin Invest. 1989 Sep;84(3):954-61. [PubMed:2569482 ]
  29. Davis CG, Lehrman MA, Russell DW, Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: The J.D. mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia: amino acid substitution in cytoplasmic domain impedes internalization of LDL receptors. Cell. 1986 Apr 11;45(1):15-24. [PubMed:3955657 ]
  30. Rubinsztein DC, Jialal I, Leitersdorf E, Coetzee GA, van der Westhuyzen DR: Identification of two new LDL-receptor mutations causing homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in a South African of Indian origin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Aug 4;1182(1):75-82. [PubMed:8347689 ]
  31. Leitersdorf E, Tobin EJ, Davignon J, Hobbs HH: Common low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations in the French Canadian population. J Clin Invest. 1990 Apr;85(4):1014-23. [PubMed:2318961 ]
  32. Miyake Y, Tajima S, Funahashi T, Yamamura T, Yamamoto A: A point mutation of low-density-lipoprotein receptor causing rapid degradation of the receptor. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Nov 15;210(1):1-7. [PubMed:1446662 ]
  33. Meiner V, Landsberger D, Berkman N, Reshef A, Segal P, Seftel HC, van der Westhuyzen DR, Jeenah MS, Coetzee GA, Leitersdorf E: A common Lithuanian mutation causing familial hypercholesterolemia in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;49(2):443-9. [PubMed:1867200 ]
  34. Leitersdorf E, Reshef A, Meiner V, Dann EJ, Beigel Y, van Roggen FG, van der Westhuyzen DR, Coetzee GA: A missense mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene causes familial hypercholesterolemia in Sephardic Jews. Hum Genet. 1993 Mar;91(2):141-7. [PubMed:8462973 ]
  35. Lelli N, Garuti R, Pedrazzi P, Ghisellini M, Simone ML, Tiozzo R, Cattin L, Valenti M, Rolleri M, Bertolini S, et al.: A new missense mutation (Cys297-->Phe) of the low density lipoprotein receptor in Italian patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FHTrieste). Hum Genet. 1994 May;93(5):538-40. [PubMed:8168830 ]
  36. Soutar AK, Knight BL, Patel DD: Identification of a point mutation in growth factor repeat C of the low density lipoprotein-receptor gene in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia that affects ligand binding and intracellular movement of receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jun;86(11):4166-70. [PubMed:2726768 ]
  37. Rubinsztein DC, Coetzee GA, Marais AD, Leitersdorf E, Seftel HC, van der Westhuyzen DR: Identification and properties of the proline664-leucine mutant LDL receptor in South Africans of Indian origin. J Lipid Res. 1992 Nov;33(11):1647-55. [PubMed:1464748 ]
  38. Koivisto UM, Viikari JS, Kontula K: Molecular characterization of minor gene rearrangements in Finnish patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of two common missense mutations (Gly823-->Asp and Leu380-->His) and eight rare mutations of the LDL receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Oct;57(4):789-97. [PubMed:7573037 ]
  39. Maruyama T, Miyake Y, Tajima S, Harada-Shiba M, Yamamura T, Tsushima M, Kishino B, Horiguchi Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, et al.: Common mutations in the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia in the Japanese population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):1713-8. [PubMed:7583548 ]
  40. Tricot-Guerber F, Saint-Jore B, Valenti K, Foulon T, Bost M, Hadjian AJ: Identification of a mutation, N543H, in exon 11 of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene in a French family with familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1995;6(1):87-8. [PubMed:7550239 ]
  41. Ekstrom U, Abrahamson M, Sveger T, Lombardi P, Nilsson-Ehle P: An efficient screening procedure detecting six novel mutations in the LDL receptor gene in Swedish children with hypercholesterolemia. Hum Genet. 1995 Aug;96(2):147-50. [PubMed:7635461 ]
  42. Leren TP, Solberg K, Rodningen OK, Tonstad S, Ose L: Two novel point mutations in the EGF precursor homology domain of the LDL receptor gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Genet. 1995 Aug;96(2):241-2. [PubMed:7635482 ]
  43. Giesel J, Holzem G, Oette K: Screening for mutations in exon 4 of the LDL receptor gene in a German population with severe hypercholesterolemia. Hum Genet. 1995 Sep;96(3):301-4. [PubMed:7649546 ]
  44. Pereira E, Ferreira R, Hermelin B, Thomas G, Bernard C, Bertrand V, Nassiff H, Mendez del Castillo D, Bereziat G, Benlian P: Recurrent and novel LDL receptor gene mutations causing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in La Habana. Hum Genet. 1995 Sep;96(3):319-22. [PubMed:7649549 ]
  45. Gundersen KE, Solberg K, Rodningen OK, Tonstad S, Ose L, Berg K, Leren TP: Two novel missense mutations in the LDL receptor gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet. 1996 Feb;49(2):85-7. [PubMed:8740918 ]
  46. Sundvold H, Solberg K, Tonstad S, Rodningen OK, Ose L, Berg K, Leren TP: A common missense mutation (C210G) in the LDL receptor gene among Norwegian familial hypercholesterolemia subjects. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):70-1. [PubMed:8664907 ]
  47. Webb JC, Sun XM, McCarthy SN, Neuwirth C, Thompson GR, Knight BL, Soutar AK: Characterization of mutations in the low density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor gene in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, and frequency of these mutations in FH patients in the United Kingdom. J Lipid Res. 1996 Feb;37(2):368-81. [PubMed:9026534 ]
  48. Peeters AV, Van Gaal LF, du Plessis L, Lombardi MP, Havekes LM, Kotze MJ: Mutational and genetic origin of LDL receptor gene mutations detected in both Belgian and Dutch familial hypercholesterolemics. Hum Genet. 1997 Aug;100(2):266-70. [PubMed:9254862 ]
  49. Jensen HK, Jensen TG, Faergeman O, Jensen LG, Andresen BS, Corydon MJ, Andreasen PH, Hansen PS, Heath F, Bolund L, Gregersen N: Two mutations in the same low-density lipoprotein receptor allele act in synergy to reduce receptor function in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(5):437-44. [PubMed:9143924 ]
  50. Day IN, Whittall RA, O'Dell SD, Haddad L, Bolla MK, Gudnason V, Humphries SE: Spectrum of LDL receptor gene mutations in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(2):116-27. [PubMed:9259195 ]
  51. Leren TP, Tonstad S, Gundersen KE, Bakken KS, Rodningen OK, Sundvold H, Ose L, Berg K: Molecular genetics of familial hypercholesterolaemia in Norway. J Intern Med. 1997 Mar;241(3):185-94. [PubMed:9104431 ]
  52. Gorski B, Kubalska J, Naruszewicz M, Lubinski J: LDL-R and Apo-B-100 gene mutations in Polish familial hypercholesterolemias. Hum Genet. 1998 May;102(5):562-5. [PubMed:9654205 ]
  53. Couture P, Vohl MC, Gagne C, Gaudet D, Torres AL, Lupien PJ, Despres JP, Labrie F, Simard J, Moorjani S: Identification of three mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia among French Canadians. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S226-31. [PubMed:9452094 ]
  54. Thiart R, Loubser O, de Villiers JN, Marx MP, Zaire R, Raal FJ, Kotze MJ: Two novel and two known low-density lipoprotein receptor gene mutations in German patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S232-3. [PubMed:9452095 ]
  55. Mak YT, Zhang J, Chan YS, Mak TW, Tomlinson B, Masarei JR, Pang CP: Possible common mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Chinese. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S310-3. [PubMed:9452118 ]
  56. Cenarro A, Jensen HK, Casao E, Civeira F, Gonzalez-Bonillo J, Rodriguez-Rey JC, Gregersen N, Pocovi M: Identification of recurrent and novel mutations in the LDL receptor gene in Spanish patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Mutations in brief no. 135. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):413. [PubMed:10206683 ]
  57. Motti C, Bertolini S, Rampa P, Trovatello G, Liberatoscioli L, Calandra S, Federici G, Cortese C: Two novel mutations consisting in minor gene rearrangements in the human low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Italian patients affected by familial hypercholesterolemia. Mutations in brief no. 194. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):290. [PubMed:10660340 ]
  58. Hirayama T, Yamaki E, Hata A, Tsuji M, Hashimoto K, Yamamoto M, Emi M: Five familial hypercholesterolemic kindreds in Japan with novel mutations of the LDL receptor gene. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(4):250-4. [PubMed:9852677 ]
  59. Lee WK, Haddad L, Macleod MJ, Dorrance AM, Wilson DJ, Gaffney D, Dominiczak MH, Packard CJ, Day IN, Humphries SE, Dominiczak AF: Identification of a common low density lipoprotein receptor mutation (C163Y) in the west of Scotland. J Med Genet. 1998 Jul;35(7):573-8. [PubMed:9678702 ]
  60. Ekstrom U, Abrahamson M, Floren CH, Tollig H, Wettrell G, Nilsson G, Sun XM, Soutar AK, Nilsson-Ehle P: An individual with a healthy phenotype in spite of a pathogenic LDL receptor mutation (C240F). Clin Genet. 1999 May;55(5):332-9. [PubMed:10422803 ]
  61. Ebhardt M, Schmidt H, Doerk T, Tietge U, Haas R, Manns MP, Schmidtke J, Stuhrmann M: Mutation analysis in 46 German families with familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of 8 new mutations. Mutations in brief no. 226. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):257. [PubMed:10090484 ]
  62. Hattori H, Nagano M, Iwata F, Homma Y, Egashira T, Okada T: Identification of recurrent and novel mutations in the LDL receptor gene in Japanese familial hypercholesterolemia. Mutation in brief no. 248. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(1):87. [PubMed:10447263 ]
  63. Bertolini S, Cantafora A, Averna M, Cortese C, Motti C, Martini S, Pes G, Postiglione A, Stefanutti C, Blotta I, Pisciotta L, Rolleri M, Langheim S, Ghisellini M, Rabbone I, Calandra S: Clinical expression of familial hypercholesterolemia in clusters of mutations of the LDL receptor gene that cause a receptor-defective or receptor-negative phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Sep;20(9):E41-52. [PubMed:10978268 ]
  64. Miltiadous G, Elisaf M, Xenophontos S, Manoli P, Cariolou MA: Segregation of a novel LDLR gene mutation (I430T) with familial hypercholesterolaemia in a Greek pedigree. Hum Mutat. 2000 Sep;16(3):277. [PubMed:10980548 ]
  65. Thiart R, Scholtz CL, Vergotine J, Hoogendijk CF, de Villiers JN, Nissen H, Brusgaard K, Gaffney D, Hoffs MS, Vermaak WJ, Kotze MJ: Predominance of a 6 bp deletion in exon 2 of the LDL receptor gene in Africans with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Med Genet. 2000 Jul;37(7):514-9. [PubMed:10882754 ]
  66. Takahashi M, Ikeda U, Takahashi S, Hattori H, Iwasaki T, Ishihara M, Egashira T, Honma S, Asano Y, Shimada K: A novel mutation in exon 2 of the low-density lipoprotein-receptor gene in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet. 2001 Apr;59(4):290-2. [PubMed:11298688 ]
  67. Humphries SE, Whittall RA, Hubbart CS, Maplebeck S, Cooper JA, Soutar AK, Naoumova R, Thompson GR, Seed M, Durrington PN, Miller JP, Betteridge DJ, Neil HA: Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk. J Med Genet. 2006 Dec;43(12):943-9. [PubMed:17142622 ]
  68. Abifadel M, Rabes JP, Jambart S, Halaby G, Gannage-Yared MH, Sarkis A, Beaino G, Varret M, Salem N, Corbani S, Aydenian H, Junien C, Munnich A, Boileau C: The molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Lebanon: spectrum of LDLR mutations and role of PCSK9 as a modifier gene. Hum Mutat. 2009 Jul;30(7):E682-91. doi: 10.1002/humu.21002. [PubMed:19319977 ]