Hmdb loader
Survey
You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Human Metabolome Database.
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP02173
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7657
  • HMDBP11387
Name Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Synonyms
  1. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3
  2. PPAR-gamma
Gene Name PPARG
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in DNA binding
Specific Function Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Component
organelle
membrane-bounded organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
nucleus
Function
ion binding
cation binding
metal ion binding
binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
receptor activity
molecular transducer activity
signal transducer activity
nucleic acid binding
dna binding
sequence-specific dna binding
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
steroid hormone receptor activity
sequence-specific dna binding transcription factor activity
Process
biological regulation
regulation of biological process
regulation of metabolic process
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
regulation of gene expression
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, dna-dependent
Cellular Location
  1. Cytoplasmic
  2. Nucleus
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:3
Locus 3p25
SNPs PPARG
Gene Sequence
>1518 bp
ATGGGTGAAACTCTGGGAGATTCTCCTATTGACCCAGAAAGCGATTCCTTCACTGATACA
CTGTCTGCAAACATATCACAAGAAATGACCATGGTTGACACAGAGATGCCATTCTGGCCC
ACCAACTTTGGGATCAGCTCCGTGGATCTCTCCGTAATGGAAGACCACTCCCACTCCTTT
GATATCAAGCCCTTCACTACTGTTGACTTCTCCAGCATTTCTACTCCACATTACGAAGAC
ATTCCATTCACAAGAACAGATCCAGTGGTTGCAGATTACAAGTATGACCTGAAACTTCAA
GAGTACCAAAGTGCAATCAAAGTGGAGCCTGCATCTCCACCTTATTATTCTGAGAAGACT
CAGCTCTACAATAAGCCTCATGAAGAGCCTTCCAACTCCCTCATGGCAATTGAATGTCGT
GTCTGTGGAGATAAAGCTTCTGGATTTCACTATGGAGTTCATGCTTGTGAAGGATGCAAG
GGTTTCTTCCGGAGAACAATCAGATTGAAGCTTATCTATGACAGATGTGATCTTAACTGT
CGGATCCACAAAAAAAGTAGAAATAAATGTCAGTACTGTCGGTTTCAGAAATGCCTTGCA
GTGGGGATGTCTCATAATGCCATCAGGTTTGGGCGGATGCCACAGGCCGAGAAGGAGAAG
CTGTTGGCGGAGATCTCCAGTGATATCGACCAGCTGAATCCAGAGTCCGCTGACCTCCGG
GCCCTGGCAAAACATTTGTATGACTCATACATAAAGTCCTTCCCGCTGACCAAAGCAAAG
GCGAGGGCGATCTTGACAGGAAAGACAACAGACAAATCACCATTCGTTATCTATGACATG
AATTCCTTAATGATGGGAGAAGATAAAATCAAGTTCAAACACATCACCCCCCTGCAGGAG
CAGAGCAAAGAGGTGGCCATCCGCATCTTTCAGGGCTGCCAGTTTCGCTCCGTGGAGGCT
GTGCAGGAGATCACAGAGTATGCCAAAAGCATTCCTGGTTTTGTAAATCTTGACTTGAAC
GACCAAGTAACTCTCCTCAAATATGGAGTCCACGAGATCATTTACACAATGCTGGCCTCC
TTGATGAATAAAGATGGGGTTCTCATATCCGAGGGCCAAGGCTTCATGACAAGGGAGTTT
CTAAAGAGCCTGCGAAAGCCTTTTGGTGACTTTATGGAGCCCAAGTTTGAGTTTGCTGTG
AAGTTCAATGCACTGGAATTAGATGACAGCGACTTGGCAATATTTATTGCTGTCATTATT
CTCAGTGGAGACCGCCCAGGTTTGCTGAATGTGAAGCCCATTGAAGACATTCAAGACAAC
CTGCTACAAGCCCTGGAGCTCCAGCTGAAGCTGAACCACCCTGAGTCCTCACAGCTGTTT
GCCAAGCTGCTCCAGAAAATGACAGACCTCAGACAGATTGTCACGGAACACGTGCAGCTA
CTGCAGGTGATCAAGAAGACGGAGACAGACATGAGTCTTCACCCGCTCCTGCAGGAGATC
TACAAGGACTTGTACTAG
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 505
Molecular Weight 57619.6
Theoretical pI 5.77
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • None
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
MGETLGDSPIDPESDSFTDTLSANISQEMTMVDTEMPFWPTNFGISSVDLSVMEDHSHSF
DIKPFTTVDFSSISTPHYEDIPFTRTDPVVADYKYDLKLQEYQSAIKVEPASPPYYSEKT
QLYNKPHEEPSNSLMAIECRVCGDKASGFHYGVHACEGCKGFFRRTIRLKLIYDRCDLNC
RIHKKSRNKCQYCRFQKCLAVGMSHNAIRFGRMPQAEKEKLLAEISSDIDQLNPESADLR
ALAKHLYDSYIKSFPLTKAKARAILTGKTTDKSPFVIYDMNSLMMGEDKIKFKHITPLQE
QSKEVAIRIFQGCQFRSVEAVQEITEYAKSIPGFVNLDLNDQVTLLKYGVHEIIYTMLAS
LMNKDGVLISEGQGFMTREFLKSLRKPFGDFMEPKFEFAVKFNALELDDSDLAIFIAVII
LSGDRPGLLNVKPIEDIQDNLLQALELQLKLNHPESSQLFAKLLQKMTDLRQIVTEHVQL
LQVIKKTETDMSLHPLLQEIYKDLY
GenBank ID Protein 86451955
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P37231
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PPARG_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID U79012
GeneCard ID PPARG
GenAtlas ID PPARG
HGNC ID HGNC:9236
References
General References
  1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed:14702039 ]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed:15489334 ]
  3. Nolte RT, Wisely GB, Westin S, Cobb JE, Lambert MH, Kurokawa R, Rosenfeld MG, Willson TM, Glass CK, Milburn MV: Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Nature. 1998 Sep 10;395(6698):137-43. [PubMed:9744270 ]
  4. Xu HE, Lambert MH, Montana VG, Plunket KD, Moore LB, Collins JL, Oplinger JA, Kliewer SA, Gampe RT Jr, McKee DD, Moore JT, Willson TM: Structural determinants of ligand binding selectivity between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13919-24. Epub 2001 Nov 6. [PubMed:11698662 ]
  5. Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. [PubMed:16641997 ]
  6. Caira F, Antonson P, Pelto-Huikko M, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA: Cloning and characterization of RAP250, a novel nuclear receptor coactivator. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5308-17. [PubMed:10681503 ]
  7. Bu H, Kashireddy P, Chang J, Zhu YT, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Rao SM, Zhu YJ: ERBP, a novel estrogen receptor binding protein enhancing the activity of estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Apr 23;317(1):54-9. [PubMed:15047147 ]
  8. Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [PubMed:11971969 ]
  9. Mukherjee R, Jow L, Croston GE, Paterniti JR Jr: Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms PPARgamma2 versus PPARgamma1 and activation with retinoid X receptor agonists and antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 21;272(12):8071-6. [PubMed:9065481 ]
  10. Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA, Hayes N, Leibowitz Md, Moller DE, Berger J: Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 16;224(2):431-7. [PubMed:8702406 ]
  11. Yanase T, Yashiro T, Takitani K, Kato S, Taniguchi S, Takayanagi R, Nawata H: Differential expression of PPAR gamma1 and gamma2 isoforms in human adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Apr 17;233(2):320-4. [PubMed:9144532 ]
  12. Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, Hsieh L, Greene G, Nimer SD: Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping. Gene Expr. 1995;4(4-5):281-99. [PubMed:7787419 ]
  13. Okazawa H, Mori H, Tamori Y, Araki S, Niki T, Masugi J, Kawanishi M, Kubota T, Shinoda H, Kasuga M: No coding mutations are detected in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in Japanese patients with lipoatrophic diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov;46(11):1904-6. [PubMed:9356045 ]
  14. Lambe KG, Tugwood JD: A human peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is activated by inducers of adipogenesis, including thiazolidinedione drugs. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 1;239(1):1-7. [PubMed:8706692 ]
  15. Zhou XP, Smith WM, Gimm O, Mueller E, Gao X, Sarraf P, Prior TW, Plass C, von Deimling A, Black PM, Yates AJ, Eng C: Over-representation of PPARgamma sequence variants in sporadic cases of glioblastoma multiforme: preliminary evidence for common low penetrance modifiers for brain tumour risk in the general population. J Med Genet. 2000 Jun;37(6):410-4. [PubMed:10851250 ]
  16. Drori S, Girnun GD, Tou L, Szwaya JD, Mueller E, Xia K, Shivdasani RA, Spiegelman BM: Hic-5 regulates an epithelial program mediated by PPARgamma. Genes Dev. 2005 Feb 1;19(3):362-75. [PubMed:15687259 ]
  17. Uppenberg J, Svensson C, Jaki M, Bertilsson G, Jendeberg L, Berkenstam A: Crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the human nuclear receptor PPARgamma. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 20;273(47):31108-12. [PubMed:9813012 ]
  18. Gampe RT Jr, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Xu HE: Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors. Mol Cell. 2000 Mar;5(3):545-55. [PubMed:10882139 ]
  19. Cronet P, Petersen JF, Folmer R, Blomberg N, Sjoblom K, Karlsson U, Lindstedt EL, Bamberg K: Structure of the PPARalpha and -gamma ligand binding domain in complex with AZ 242; ligand selectivity and agonist activation in the PPAR family. Structure. 2001 Aug;9(8):699-706. [PubMed:11587644 ]
  20. Ebdrup S, Pettersson I, Rasmussen HB, Deussen HJ, Frost Jensen A, Mortensen SB, Fleckner J, Pridal L, Nygaard L, Sauerberg P: Synthesis and biological and structural characterization of the dual-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist ragaglitazar. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 10;46(8):1306-17. [PubMed:12672231 ]
  21. Ostberg T, Svensson S, Selen G, Uppenberg J, Thor M, Sundbom M, Sydow-Backman M, Gustavsson AL, Jendeberg L: A new class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists with a novel binding epitope shows antidiabetic effects. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 24;279(39):41124-30. Epub 2004 Jul 15. [PubMed:15258145 ]
  22. Haffner CD, Lenhard JM, Miller AB, McDougald DL, Dwornik K, Ittoop OR, Gampe RT Jr, Xu HE, Blanchard S, Montana VG, Consler TG, Bledsoe RK, Ayscue A, Croom D: Structure-based design of potent retinoid X receptor alpha agonists. J Med Chem. 2004 Apr 8;47(8):2010-29. [PubMed:15056000 ]
  23. Shi GQ, Dropinski JF, McKeever BM, Xu S, Becker JW, Berger JP, MacNaul KL, Elbrecht A, Zhou G, Doebber TW, Wang P, Chao YS, Forrest M, Heck JV, Moller DE, Jones AB: Design and synthesis of alpha-aryloxyphenylacetic acid derivatives: a novel class of PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists with potent antihyperglycemic and lipid modulating activity. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 30;48(13):4457-68. [PubMed:15974597 ]
  24. Li Y, Choi M, Suino K, Kovach A, Daugherty J, Kliewer SA, Xu HE: Structural and biochemical basis for selective repression of the orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 by small heterodimer partner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9505-10. Epub 2005 Jun 23. [PubMed:15976031 ]
  25. Hopkins CR, O'neil SV, Laufersweiler MC, Wang Y, Pokross M, Mekel M, Evdokimov A, Walter R, Kontoyianni M, Petrey ME, Sabatakos G, Roesgen JT, Richardson E, Demuth TP Jr: Design and synthesis of novel N-sulfonyl-2-indole carboxamides as potent PPAR-gamma binding agents with potential application to the treatment of osteoporosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Nov 1;16(21):5659-63. Epub 2006 Aug 21. [PubMed:16919947 ]
  26. Mahindroo N, Wang CC, Liao CC, Huang CF, Lu IL, Lien TW, Peng YH, Huang WJ, Lin YT, Hsu MC, Lin CH, Tsai CH, Hsu JT, Chen X, Lyu PC, Chao YS, Wu SY, Hsieh HP: Indol-1-yl acetic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: design, synthesis, structural biology, and molecular docking studies. J Med Chem. 2006 Feb 9;49(3):1212-6. [PubMed:16451087 ]
  27. Lu IL, Huang CF, Peng YH, Lin YT, Hsieh HP, Chen CT, Lien TW, Lee HJ, Mahindroo N, Prakash E, Yueh A, Chen HY, Goparaju CM, Chen X, Liao CC, Chao YS, Hsu JT, Wu SY: Structure-based drug design of a novel family of PPARgamma partial agonists: virtual screening, X-ray crystallography, and in vitro/in vivo biological activities. J Med Chem. 2006 May 4;49(9):2703-12. [PubMed:16640330 ]
  28. Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, Burns DK, Roth J, Shuldiner AR: Molecular scanning of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hPPAR gamma) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPAR gamma 2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Dec 18;241(2):270-4. [PubMed:9425261 ]
  29. Ristow M, Muller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR: Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 1;339(14):953-9. [PubMed:9753710 ]
  30. Deeb SS, Fajas L, Nemoto M, Pihlajamaki J, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Fujimoto W, Auwerx J: A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARgamma2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet. 1998 Nov;20(3):284-7. [PubMed:9806549 ]
  31. Hamann A, Munzberg H, Buttron P, Busing B, Hinney A, Mayer H, Siegfried W, Hebebrand J, Greten H: Missense variants in the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene in lean and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jul;141(1):90-2. [PubMed:10407229 ]
  32. Valve R, Sivenius K, Miettinen R, Pihlajamaki J, Rissanen A, Deeb SS, Auwerx J, Uusitupa M, Laakso M: Two polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene are associated with severe overweight among obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3708-12. [PubMed:10523018 ]
  33. Sarraf P, Mueller E, Smith WM, Wright HM, Kum JB, Aaltonen LA, de la Chapelle A, Spiegelman BM, Eng C: Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer. Mol Cell. 1999 Jun;3(6):799-804. [PubMed:10394368 ]
  34. Barroso I, Gurnell M, Crowley VE, Agostini M, Schwabe JW, Soos MA, Maslen GL, Williams TD, Lewis H, Schafer AJ, Chatterjee VK, O'Rahilly S: Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Nature. 1999 Dec 23-30;402(6764):880-3. [PubMed:10622252 ]
  35. Hegele RA, Cao H, Frankowski C, Mathews ST, Leff T: PPARG F388L, a transactivation-deficient mutant, in familial partial lipodystrophy. Diabetes. 2002 Dec;51(12):3586-90. [PubMed:12453919 ]
  36. Agarwal AK, Garg A: A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):408-11. [PubMed:11788685 ]
  37. Masud S, Ye S: Effect of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma gene Pro12Ala variant on body mass index: a meta-analysis. J Med Genet. 2003 Oct;40(10):773-80. [PubMed:14569127 ]
  38. Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Hanefeld M, Chinetti G, Zawadzki C, Haulon S, Kubaszek A, Koehler C, Leonhardt W, Staels B, Laakso M: Ala12Ala genotype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 protects against atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4238-42. [PubMed:15356014 ]
  39. Kim KS, Choi SM, Shin SU, Yang HS, Yoon Y: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on body fat distribution in female Korean subjects. Metabolism. 2004 Dec;53(12):1538-43. [PubMed:15562396 ]
  40. Kim HJ, Woo IS, Kang ES, Eun SY, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim JH, Seo HG: Identification of a truncated alternative splicing variant of human PPARgamma1 that exhibits dominant negative activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 1;347(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Jul 5. [PubMed:16842753 ]