| Identification |
|---|
| HMDB Protein ID
| HMDBP14515 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers
| None |
| Name
| Beta-arrestin-2 |
| Synonyms
|
- Arrestin beta-2
- Arrestin-3
|
| Gene Name
| ARRB2 |
| Protein Type
| Unknown |
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| General Function
| Not Available |
| Specific Function
| Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. Involved in internalization of P2RY1, P2RY4, P2RY6 and P2RY11 and ATP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 and subsequent recycling or degradation. Involved in ubiquitination of IGF1R. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and MAPK10 (JNK3). ERK1/2 and JNK3 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold are largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Acts as signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Increases ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Involved in CCR7-mediated ERK1/2 signaling involving ligand CCL19. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated ERK activity. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated MAPK10 activity. Is involved in dopamine-stimulated AKT1 activity in the striatum by disrupting the association of AKT1 with its negative regulator PP2A. Involved in AGTR1-mediated chemotaxis. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. Suppresses UV-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent activation by interacting with CHUK. The function is promoted by stimulation of ADRB2 and dephosphorylation of ARRB2. Involved in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by regulating MDM2 and reducing the MDM2-mediated degradation of p53/TP53. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Upon stimulation of OR1D2, may be involved in regulation of gene expression during the early processes of fertilization. Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in endocytosis of TGFBR2 and TGFBR3 and down-regulates TGF-beta signaling such as NF-kappa-B activation. Involved in endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein receptor/LDLR. Involved in endocytosis of smoothened homolog/Smo, which also requires GRK2. Involved in endocytosis of SLC9A5. Involved in endocytosis of ENG and subsequent TGF-beta-mediated ERK activation and migration of epithelial cells. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Involved in insulin resistance by acting as insulin-induced signaling scaffold for SRC, AKT1 and INSR. Involved in regulation of inhibitory signaling of natural killer cells by recruiting PTPN6 and PTPN11 to KIR2DL1. Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 (By similarity). Acts as an adapter protein coupling FFAR4 receptor to specific downstream signaling pathways, as well as mediating receptor endocytosis. During the activation step of NLRP3 inflammasome, directly associates with NLRP3 leading to inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release and inhibition of inflammation. |
| Pathways
|
Not Available
|
| Reactions
| Not Available |
| GO Classification
|
| Biological Process |
| signal transduction |
| protein transport |
| receptor internalization |
| positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade |
| G-protein coupled receptor internalization |
| desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway |
| positive regulation of receptor internalization |
| Cellular Component |
| cytoplasm |
| endocytic vesicle |
| nucleus |
| coated pit |
| Molecular Function |
| phosphatidylinositol binding |
| phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding |
| G protein-coupled receptor binding |
| angiotensin receptor binding |
| inositol hexakisphosphate binding |
|
| Cellular Location
|
Not Available
|
| Gene Properties |
|---|
| Chromosome Location
| Not Available |
| Locus
| Not Available |
| SNPs
| Not Available |
| Gene Sequence
|
Not Available
|
| Protein Properties |
|---|
| Number of Residues
| Not Available |
| Molecular Weight
| 47223.595 |
| Theoretical pI
| Not Available |
| Pfam Domain Function
|
|
| Signals
|
Not Available
|
|
Transmembrane Regions
|
Not Available
|
| Protein Sequence
|
Not Available
|
| External Links |
|---|
| GenBank ID Protein
| Not Available |
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID
| P32120 |
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name
| ARRB2_BOVIN |
| PDB IDs
|
|
| GenBank Gene ID
| Not Available |
| GeneCard ID
| Not Available |
| GenAtlas ID
| Not Available |
| HGNC ID
| Not Available |
| References |
|---|
| General References
| - Xu TR, Baillie GS, Bhari N, Houslay TM, Pitt AM, Adams DR, Kolch W, Houslay MD, Milligan G: Mutations of beta-arrestin 2 that limit self-association also interfere with interactions with the beta2-adrenoceptor and the ERK1/2 MAPKs: implications for beta2-adrenoceptor signalling via the ERK1/2 MAPKs. Biochem J. 2008 Jul 1;413(1):51-60. doi: 10.1042/BJ20080685. [PubMed:18435604 ]
- Gurevich VV, Dion SB, Onorato JJ, Ptasienski J, Kim CM, Sterne-Marr R, Hosey MM, Benovic JL: Arrestin interactions with G protein-coupled receptors. Direct binding studies of wild type and mutant arrestins with rhodopsin, beta 2-adrenergic, and m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 13;270(2):720-31. [PubMed:7822302 ]
- Komori N, Cain SD, Roch JM, Miller KE, Matsumoto H: Differential expression of alternative splice variants of beta-arrestin-1 and -2 in rat central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Eur J Neurosci. 1998 Aug;10(8):2607-16. [PubMed:9767391 ]
- Sterne-Marr R, Gurevich VV, Goldsmith P, Bodine RC, Sanders C, Donoso LA, Benovic JL: Polypeptide variants of beta-arrestin and arrestin3. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15640-8. [PubMed:8340388 ]
- Krupnick JG, Goodman OB Jr, Keen JH, Benovic JL: Arrestin/clathrin interaction. Localization of the clathrin binding domain of nonvisual arrestins to the carboxy terminus. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 6;272(23):15011-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.23.15011. [PubMed:9169476 ]
- Gaidarov I, Krupnick JG, Falck JR, Benovic JL, Keen JH: Arrestin function in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis requires phosphoinositide binding. EMBO J. 1999 Feb 15;18(4):871-81. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.4.871. [PubMed:10022830 ]
- Parent JL, Labrecque P, Orsini MJ, Benovic JL: Internalization of the TXA2 receptor alpha and beta isoforms. Role of the differentially spliced cooh terminus in agonist-promoted receptor internalization. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 26;274(13):8941-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8941. [PubMed:10085139 ]
- Orsini MJ, Parent JL, Mundell SJ, Marchese A, Benovic JL: Trafficking of the HIV coreceptor CXCR4. Role of arrestins and identification of residues in the c-terminal tail that mediate receptor internalization. J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 22;274(43):31076-86. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.31076. [PubMed:10521508 ]
- Krishnamurthy H, Galet C, Ascoli M: The association of arrestin-3 with the follitropin receptor depends on receptor activation and phosphorylation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003 Jun 30;204(1-2):127-40. doi: 10.1016/s0303-7207(03)00088-1. [PubMed:12850288 ]
- Hoffmann C, Ziegler N, Reiner S, Krasel C, Lohse MJ: Agonist-selective, receptor-specific interaction of human P2Y receptors with beta-arrestin-1 and -2. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 7;283(45):30933-41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801472200. Epub 2008 Aug 14. [PubMed:18703513 ]
- Byers MA, Calloway PA, Shannon L, Cunningham HD, Smith S, Li F, Fassold BC, Vines CM: Arrestin 3 mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. J Immunol. 2008 Oct 1;181(7):4723-32. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4723. [PubMed:18802075 ]
- Namkung Y, Dipace C, Javitch JA, Sibley DR: G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation regulates post-endocytic trafficking of the D2 dopamine receptor. J Biol Chem. 2009 May 29;284(22):15038-51. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M900388200. Epub 2009 Mar 30. [PubMed:19332542 ]
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