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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-02-24 13:28:50 UTC |
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Update Date | 2019-01-11 19:16:18 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0001881 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Propylene glycol |
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Description | Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odorless, and colorless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. It is manufactured by the hydration of propylene oxide. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent for intravenous, oral, and topical pharmaceutical preparations It is generally considered safe. However in large doses it can be toxic, especially if given over a short period of time. Intravenous lorazepam contains the largest amount of propylene glycol of commonly used drugs. In adults with normal liver and kidney function, the terminal half-life of propylene glycol ranges from 1.4 to 3.3 hours. Propylene glycol is metabolized by the liver to form lactate, acetate, and pyruvate. The nonmetabolized drug is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide conjugate, approximately 12 to 45 percent is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance decreases as the dose administered increases (390 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 5 g/day but only 144 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 21 g/day). These data suggest that renal clearance declines at higher propylene glycol doses because of saturation of proximal tubular secretion of the drug. As an acceptable level of propylene glycol has not been defined, the clinical implication of a propylene glycol level is unclear. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum consumption of 25 mg/kg/day (1.8 g/day for a 75 kg male) of propylene glycol when used as a food additive, but this limit does not address its use as a drug solvent. No maximum dose is recommended in the literature for intravenous therapy with propylene glycol. Intoxication occurs at much higher doses than the WHO dose limit and is exclusive to pharmacologic exposure. Propylene glycol toxicity includes development of serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that proximal tubular necrosis is the cause of acute kidney injury from propylene glycol. Along these lines, proximal tubular cell injury occurs in cultured human cells exposed to propylene glycol. Acute tubular necrosis was described with propylene glycol toxicity in a case of concomitant administration of intravenous lorazepam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Propylene glycol induced intoxication can also mimic sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients suspected of having sepsis with negative cultures should be evaluated for propylene glycol toxicity if they have been exposed to high dose lorazepam or other medications containing this solvent. (PMID: 17555487 ). |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1,2-Dihydroxypropane | ChEBI | 1,2-Propanediol | ChEBI | 1,2-Propylenglykol | ChEBI | 2-Hydroxypropanol | ChEBI | alpha-Propyleneglycol | ChEBI | CH3CH(OH)CH2OH | ChEBI | HOCH2CH(OH)CH3 | ChEBI | HOCH2CH(OH)Me | ChEBI | Isopropylene glycol | ChEBI | MeCH(OH)CH2OH | ChEBI | Methyl glycol | ChEBI | Methylethyl glycol | ChEBI | Methylethylene glycol | ChEBI | Monopropylene glycol | ChEBI | PPD | ChEBI | a-Propyleneglycol | Generator | α-propyleneglycol | Generator | (RS)-1,2-Propanediol | HMDB | 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol | HMDB | 1,2-Propylene glycol | HMDB | 2,3-Propanediol | HMDB | a-Propylene glycol | HMDB | Aliphatic alcohol | HMDB | alpha-Propylene glycol | HMDB | Chilisa fe | HMDB | DL-1,2-Propanediol | HMDB | DL-Propylene glycol | HMDB | Dowfrost | HMDB | Glycol | HMDB | Ilexan P | HMDB | Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol | HMDB | Prolugen | HMDB | Propane-1,2-diol | HMDB | Propanediol | HMDB | Propylene glycol usp | HMDB | Propylenglycol | HMDB | Sentry propylene glycol | HMDB | Sirlene | HMDB | Solar winter ban | HMDB | Solargard P | HMDB | Trimethyl glycol | HMDB | Ucar 35 | HMDB | Propan-1,2-diol | MeSH | Monohydrate, propylene glycol | MeSH | Propylene glycol, (R)-isomer | MeSH | Propylene glycol, (S)-isomer | MeSH | 1,2 Propanediol | MeSH | Glycol, propylene | MeSH | Propylene glycol, (+-)-isomer | MeSH | Propylene glycol monohydrate | MeSH | Propylene glycol sodium salt | MeSH |
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Chemical Formula | C3H8O2 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 76.0944 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 76.0524295 |
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IUPAC Name | propane-1,2-diol |
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Traditional Name | 1,2-propanediol |
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CAS Registry Number | 57-55-6 |
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SMILES | CC(O)CO |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C3H8O2/c1-3(5)2-4/h3-5H,2H2,1H3 |
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InChI Key | DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-diols. These are polyols containing an alcohol group at two adjacent positions. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Alcohols and polyols |
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Direct Parent | 1,2-diols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Secondary alcohol
- 1,2-diol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Liquid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | -60 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 1000 mg/mL at 20 °C | Not Available | LogP | -0.92 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014j-0900000000-d90655d5a614c4ddf998 | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-014i-1900000000-ab4a1ff05d1275711170 | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-a18bede40461dace657b | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-6d2345a66e2cf8d2d379 | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014j-0900000000-d90655d5a614c4ddf998 | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014i-1900000000-ab4a1ff05d1275711170 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-055g-9000000000-594a84f802409d0a8265 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0kp0-9520000000-ffe4848ba88742d1a4d6 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0a7i-9000000000-6c96c59f8ba2e0e5353e | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-005d-9000000000-ae07e4049d24341335ec | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-00aj-9000000000-f455f8f0f79f9970711a | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-c5bf57086deb14e12495 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-6d2345a66e2cf8d2d379 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-0a1a58ae50ca7bfbc92f | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0a6r-9000000000-0c246d88e88be8375dd1 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-052f-9000000000-5e6c0456bbcc20afb607 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-004i-9000000000-5bf5d9d3c7cf604af9a3 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-056r-9000000000-3499fb432cd119926640 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-36c6bc6082b188beb665 | View in MoNA |
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MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0002-9000000000-cbc512db1a4c5510015e | View in MoNA |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Intestine
- Muscle
- Nerve Cells
- Platelet
- Skin
- Stratum Corneum
- Testes
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 22.3 +/- 3.3 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0-5.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.0 (0.0-5.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 33 +/- 50 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.63 +/- 0.4 (0 - 1.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 3 (<1-50) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 20 (<1-178) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 17 (<1-84) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 8 (<1-46) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 1-121 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 1-140 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 26.76 +/- 21.09 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | >10 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | < 10 uM | Adult (60 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | < 10 uM | Adult (40 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 20.586 +/- 22.556 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6.7 (1.4-44.3) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 7.0 (2.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Down syndrome pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.6 (1.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 36.3 +/- 19.9 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart Transplant | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 9.66 +/- 4.10 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18 | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 7.94 +/- 3.69 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 9.9 (4.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Early preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 8.0 (3.4) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 8.84 (2.78) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 8.25 (2.09) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 11.1 (5.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Late-onset preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 11.8 (4.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 15.0 (5.0-35.4) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Cirrhosis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 2.0 (0.0-31.0) umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Both | Lung cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 150.63 +/- 491.323 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Cirrhosis |
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- Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed:3426740 ]
| Early preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
| Pregnancy |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
| Late-onset preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Lung Cancer |
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- Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, Hau DD, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Sinelnikov I, Xia J, Jia L, Cruz JA, Lim E, Sobsey CA, Shrivastava S, Huang P, Liu P, Fang L, Peng J, Fradette R, Cheng D, Tzur D, Clements M, Lewis A, De Souza A, Zuniga A, Dawe M, Xiong Y, Clive D, Greiner R, Nazyrova A, Shaykhutdinov R, Li L, Vogel HJ, Forsythe I: HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D603-10. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn810. Epub 2008 Oct 25. [PubMed:18953024 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB01839 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FoodDB ID | FDB008274 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00007410 |
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Chemspider ID | 13835224 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00583 |
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BioCyc ID | PROPANE-1,2-DIOL |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Propylene_glycol |
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METLIN ID | 3220 |
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PubChem Compound | 1030 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 16997 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Tuck, Michael William Marshall. Preparation of propylene glycol by hydrogenation of glycerol. PCT Int. Appl. (2008), 20pp. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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- Claverie F, Giordano-Labadie F, Bazex J: [Contact eczema induced by propylene glycol. Concentration and vehicle adapted for for patch tests]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1997;124(4):315-7. [PubMed:9739936 ]
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- Li GL, van der Geest R, Chanet L, van Zanten E, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA: In vitro iontophoresis of R-apomorphine across human stratum corneum. Structure-transport relationship of penetration enhancement. J Control Release. 2002 Nov 7;84(1-2):49-57. [PubMed:12399167 ]
- Fare JC, Guesnon P, Helouis JJ, Normand S, Andre JL, Duvaldestin P: [Intramuscular premedication with diazepam in a fat emulsion]. Cah Anesthesiol. 1984 May-Jun;32(4):303-6. [PubMed:6529665 ]
- Reichard GA Jr, Skutches CL, Hoeldtke RD, Owen OE: Acetone metabolism in humans during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes. 1986 Jun;35(6):668-74. [PubMed:3086164 ]
- Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed:3426740 ]
- Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan YW, Chan SY: Oxide terpenes as human skin penetration enhancers of haloperidol from ethanol and propylene glycol and their modes of action on stratum corneum. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Feb;26(2):220-8. [PubMed:12576684 ]
- Fernandez C, Marti-Mestres G, Ramos J, Maillols H: LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of 'in vitro' and 'in vivo' skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000 Dec;24(1):155-65. [PubMed:11108549 ]
- Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan SY: Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers: permeation and partition of haloperidol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jul;91(7):1639-51. [PubMed:12115825 ]
- Gancevici GG: Role of complement inhibition in topical therapy of muco-cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1993 Oct-Dec;52(4):293-303. [PubMed:7827366 ]
- Liu JH, Gao D, He LQ, Moey LK, Hua K, Liu ZB: The phase diagram for the ternary system propylene glycol-sodium chloride-water and their application to platelet cryopreservation. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;11(1):92-5. [PubMed:12667299 ]
- Rajasenan RS, Riley RJ, Leeder JS: Expression and inducibility of antigens in severe combined immunodeficient mice recognized by human anti-P450 antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;135(1):89-99. [PubMed:7482543 ]
- Decherchi P, Lammari-Barreault N, Cochard P, Carin M, Rega P, Pio J, Pellissier JF, Ladaique P, Novakovitch G, Gauthier P: CNS axonal regeneration with peripheral nerve grafts cryopreserved by vitrification: cytological and functional aspects. Cryobiology. 1997 May;34(3):214-39. [PubMed:9160994 ]
- Trottet L, Owen H, Holme P, Heylings J, Collin IP, Breen AP, Siyad MN, Nandra RS, Davis AF: Are all aciclovir cream formulations bioequivalent? Int J Pharm. 2005 Nov 4;304(1-2):63-71. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed:16139970 ]
- Miller DL, Wildnauer RH: Thermoanalytical probes for the analysis of physical properties of stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1977 Sep;69(3):287-9. [PubMed:894064 ]
- Zar T, Graeber C, Perazella MA: Recognition, treatment, and prevention of propylene glycol toxicity. Semin Dial. 2007 May-Jun;20(3):217-9. [PubMed:17555487 ]
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