Showing metabocard for Theobromine (HMDB0002825)

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).

Gene Name:

XDH

Uniprot ID:

P47989

Molecular weight:

146422.99

Reactions

General function:

Involved in catalytic activity

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in mediating central nervous system effects of therapeutic agents ranging from antidepressants to antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Gene Name:

PDE4B

Uniprot ID:

Q07343

Molecular weight:

64351.765

References

1. Essayan DM: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov;108(5):671-80. [PubMed:11692087 ]
2. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [PubMed:15095008 ]
3. Daly JW: Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2153-69. [PubMed:17514358 ]
4. Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH, Coimbra R: Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Jun;63(3):321-8. [PubMed:18568240 ]

General function:

Involved in monooxygenase activity

Specific function:

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.

Gene Name:

CYP2E1

Uniprot ID:

P05181

Molecular weight:

56848.42

References

1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]

General function:

Involved in monooxygenase activity

Specific function:

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.

Gene Name:

CYP1A2

Uniprot ID:

P05177

Molecular weight:

58406.915

References

1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
2. Gates S, Miners JO: Cytochrome P450 isoform selectivity in human hepatic theobromine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;47(3):299-305. [PubMed:10215755 ]

General function:

Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

Specific function:

Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase

Gene Name:

ADORA1

Uniprot ID:

P30542

Molecular weight:

36511.3

References

1. Chou CC, Vickroy TW: Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues. Am J Vet Res. 2003 Feb;64(2):216-24. [PubMed:12602592 ]
2. Gaytan SP, Saadani-Makki F, Bodineau L, Frugiere A, Larnicol N, Pasaro R: Effect of postnatal exposure to caffeine on the pattern of adenosine A1 receptor distribution in respiration-related nuclei of the rat brainstem. Auton Neurosci. 2006 Jun 30;126-127:339-46. Epub 2006 May 15. [PubMed:16702031 ]
3. Wang SJ: Caffeine facilitation of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes) through activation protein kinase C pathway: an interaction with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors. Synapse. 2007 Jun;61(6):401-11. [PubMed:17372967 ]
4. Rieg T, Schnermann J, Vallon V: Adenosine A1 receptors determine effects of caffeine on total fluid intake but not caffeine appetite. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan 26;555(2-3):174-7. Epub 2006 Oct 25. [PubMed:17126319 ]
5. Mustafa S, Venkatesh P, Pasha K, Mullangi R, Srinivas NR: Altered intravenous pharmacokinetics of topotecan in rats with acute renal failure (ARF) induced by uranyl nitrate: do adenosine A1 antagonists (selective/non-selective) normalize the altered topotecan kinetics in ARF? Xenobiotica. 2006 Dec;36(12):1239-58. [PubMed:17162470 ]
6. Listos J, Malec D, Fidecka S: Adenosine receptor antagonists intensify the benzodiazepine withdrawal signs in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2006 Sep-Oct;58(5):643-51. [PubMed:17085856 ]
7. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [PubMed:15095008 ]
8. Daly JW, Jacobson KA, Ukena D: Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;230:41-63. [PubMed:3588607 ]

General function:

Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

Specific function:

Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase

Gene Name:

ADORA2A

Uniprot ID:

P29274

Molecular weight:

44706.9

References

1. Chou CC, Vickroy TW: Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues. Am J Vet Res. 2003 Feb;64(2):216-24. [PubMed:12602592 ]
2. Riksen NP, Franke B, van den Broek P, Smits P, Rongen GA: The 1976C>T polymorphism in the adenosine A2A receptor gene does not affect the vasodilator response to adenosine in humans in vivo. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):551-4. [PubMed:17558310 ]
3. Zhao G, Messina E, Xu X, Ochoa M, Sun HL, Leung K, Shryock J, Belardinelli L, Hintze TH: Caffeine attenuates the duration of coronary vasodilation and changes in hemodynamics induced by regadenoson (CVT-3146), a novel adenosine A2A receptor agonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Jun;49(6):369-75. [PubMed:17577101 ]
4. Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Campos H: Genetic polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor is associated with habitual caffeine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):240-4. [PubMed:17616786 ]
5. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [PubMed:15095008 ]
6. Daly JW, Jacobson KA, Ukena D: Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;230:41-63. [PubMed:3588607 ]