Showing metabocard for Acetic acid (HMDB00042)

General function:

Involved in catalytic activity

Specific function:

Key enzyme in ketogenesis (ketone body formation). Terminal step in leucine catabolism.

Gene Name:

HMGCL

Uniprot ID:

P35914

Molecular weight:

34359.84

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA.

Gene Name:

ACOT12

Uniprot ID:

Q8WYK0

Molecular weight:

62033.46

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity

Specific function:

Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation.

Gene Name:

ACSS2

Uniprot ID:

Q9NR19

Molecular weight:

78579.11

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity

Specific function:

Important for maintaining normal body temperature during fasting and for energy homeostasis. Essential for energy expenditure under ketogenic conditions (By similarity). Converts acetate to acetyl-CoA so that it can be used for oxidation through the tricarboxylic cycle to produce ATP and CO(2).

Gene Name:

ACSS1

Uniprot ID:

Q9NUB1

Molecular weight:

74625.88

Reactions

General function:

Involved in arylesterase activity

Specific function:

Has low activity towards the organophosphate paraxon and aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Rapidly hydrolyzes lactones such as statin prodrugs (e.g. lovastatin). Hydrolyzes aromatic lactones and 5- or 6-member ring lactones with aliphatic substituents but not simple lactones or those with polar substituents.

Gene Name:

PON3

Uniprot ID:

Q15166

Molecular weight:

39607.185

Reactions

General function:

Involved in arylesterase activity

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of a variety of organophosphorus insecticides. Capable of hydrolyzing a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and lactones, and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Mediates an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation.

Gene Name:

PON1

Uniprot ID:

P27169

Molecular weight:

39730.99

Reactions

General function:

Involved in arylesterase activity

Specific function:

Capable of hydrolyzing lactones and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Has antioxidant activity. Is not associated with high density lipoprotein. Prevents LDL lipid peroxidation, reverses the oxidation of mildly oxidized LDL, and inhibits the ability of MM-LDL to induce monocyte chemotaxis.

Gene Name:

PON2

Uniprot ID:

Q15165

Molecular weight:

39380.535

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction.

Gene Name:

ALDH9A1

Uniprot ID:

P49189

Molecular weight:

56291.485

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. This protein preferentially oxidizes aromatic aldehyde substrates. It may play a role in the oxidation of toxic aldehydes.

Gene Name:

ALDH3A1

Uniprot ID:

P30838

Molecular weight:

50394.57

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Multifunctional enzyme mediating important protective effects. Metabolizes betaine aldehyde to betaine, an important cellular osmolyte and methyl donor. Protects cells from oxidative stress by metabolizing a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. Involved in lysine catabolism.

Gene Name:

ALDH7A1

Uniprot ID:

P49419

Molecular weight:

58486.74

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ALDH1A3

Uniprot ID:

P47895

Molecular weight:

56107.995

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

ALDH2

Uniprot ID:

P05091

Molecular weight:

56380.93

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length. Responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid.

Gene Name:

ALDH3A2

Uniprot ID:

P51648

Molecular weight:

54847.36

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.

Gene Name:

ALDH1B1

Uniprot ID:

P30837

Molecular weight:

57248.96

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester. Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine. Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate.

Gene Name:

CES1

Uniprot ID:

P23141

Molecular weight:

62520.62

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Shows high catalytic efficiency for hydrolysis of cocaine, 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine.

Gene Name:

CES2

Uniprot ID:

O00748

Molecular weight:

68898.39

Reactions

General function:

Involved in carboxylesterase activity

Specific function:

Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.

Gene Name:

ESD

Uniprot ID:

P10768

Molecular weight:

31462.545

Reactions

General function:

Involved in 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity

Specific function:

Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. Has a specificity for substrates with a short residue at the sn-2 position. It is inactive against long-chain phospholipids.

Gene Name:

PLA2G7

Uniprot ID:

Q13093

Molecular weight:

50076.99

Reactions

General function:

Involved in carboxylesterase activity

Specific function:

Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.

Gene Name:

ACHE

Uniprot ID:

P22303

Molecular weight:

67795.525

Reactions

General function:

Involved in hydrolase activity

Specific function:

Inactivates paf by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position. This is a catalytic subunit. Plays an important role during the development of brain.

Gene Name:

PAFAH1B3

Uniprot ID:

Q15102

Molecular weight:

25734.13

Reactions

General function:

Involved in hydrolase activity

Specific function:

Inactivates PAF by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position. This is a catalytic subunit.

Gene Name:

PAFAH1B2

Uniprot ID:

P68402

Molecular weight:

22733.715

Reactions

General function:

Involved in 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity

Specific function:

Has a marked selectivity for phospholipids with short acyl chains at the sn-2 position. May share a common physiologic function with the plasma-type enzyme.

Gene Name:

PAFAH2

Uniprot ID:

Q99487

Molecular weight:

44035.255

Reactions

General function:

Involved in sialate O-acetylesterase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the removal of O-acetyl ester groups from position 9 of the parent sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid.

Gene Name:

SIAE

Uniprot ID:

Q9HAT2

Molecular weight:

54572.035

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

ALDH3B2

Uniprot ID:

P48448

Molecular weight:

42623.62

Reactions

General function:

Involved in oxidoreductase activity

Specific function:

Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde. Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. May use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as cofactors. May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation.

Gene Name:

ALDH3B1

Uniprot ID:

P43353

Molecular weight:

51839.245

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acylphosphatase activity

Specific function:

Its physiological role is not yet clear.

Gene Name:

ACYP2

Uniprot ID:

P14621

Molecular weight:

11139.52

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acylphosphatase activity

Specific function:

Its physiological role is not yet clear.

Gene Name:

ACYP1

Uniprot ID:

P07311

Molecular weight:

11260.84

Reactions

General function:

Involved in metallopeptidase activity

Specific function:

Involved in the hydrolysis of N-acylated or N-acetylated amino acids (except L-aspartate).

Gene Name:

ACY1

Uniprot ID:

Q03154

Molecular weight:

45884.705

Reactions

General function:

Involved in hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

Specific function:

Catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate and L-aspartate. NAA occurs in high concentration in brain and its hydrolysis NAA plays a significant part in the maintenance of intact white matter. In other tissues it act as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids.

Gene Name:

ASPA

Uniprot ID:

P45381

Molecular weight:

35734.79

Reactions

General function:

Involved in dynactin binding

Specific function:

Required for proper activation of Rho GTPases and actin polymerization at the leading edge of locomoting cerebellar neurons and postmigratory hippocampal neurons in response to calcium influx triggered via NMDA receptors. Non-catalytic subunit of an acetylhydrolase complex which inactivates platelet- activating factor (PAF) by removing the acetyl group at the SN-2 position. Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. Required during brain development for the proliferation of neuronal precursors and the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular/subventricular zone toward the cortical plate. Neuronal migration involves a process called nucleokinesis, whereby migrating cells extend an anterior process into which the nucleus subsequently translocates. During nucleokinesis dynein at the nuclear surface may translocate the nucleus towards the centrosome by exerting force on centrosomal microtubules. May also play a role in other forms of cell locomotion including the migration of fibroblasts during wound healing

Gene Name:

PAFAH1B1

Uniprot ID:

P43034

Molecular weight:

46637.7

General function:

Involved in N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de

Specific function:

Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.

Gene Name:

PIGL

Uniprot ID:

Q9Y2B2

Molecular weight:

28530.965

Reactions

General function:

Involved in hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

Specific function:

Plays an important role in deacetylating mercapturic acids in kidney proximal tubules (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ACY3

Uniprot ID:

Q96HD9

Molecular weight:

Not Available

Reactions

General function:

Involved in monooxygenase activity

Specific function:

Conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17-alpha-hydroxylated products and subsequently to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. Catalyzes both the 17-alpha-hydroxylation and the 17,20-lyase reaction. Involved in sexual development during fetal life and at puberty.

Gene Name:

CYP17A1

Uniprot ID:

P05093

Molecular weight:

57369.995

Reactions

General function:

Involved in hydrolase activity

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes the N-glycolyl group from N-glycolylglucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcNGc-6-P) in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway. Although human is not able to catalyze formation of Neu5Gc due to the inactive CMAHP enzyme, Neu5Gc is present in food and must be degraded.

Gene Name:

AMDHD2

Uniprot ID:

Q9Y303

Molecular weight:

63594.415

Reactions

General function:

Involved in citrate (pro-3S)-lyase activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

CLYBL

Uniprot ID:

Q8N0X4

Molecular weight:

37359.0

General function:

Involved in asparaginase activity

Specific function:

Exhibits lysophospholipase, transacylase, PAF acetylhydrolase and asparaginase activities.

Gene Name:

ASPG

Uniprot ID:

Q86U10

Molecular weight:

60882.4

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

ACSS2

Uniprot ID:

Q96FY7

Molecular weight:

59346.4

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ACSS3

Uniprot ID:

Q9H6R3

Molecular weight:

74777.655

Reactions