| Record Information |
|---|
| Version |
3.5 |
| Creation Date |
2006-08-16 05:03:30 -0600 |
| Update Date |
2013-02-08 11:19:25 -0700 |
| HMDB ID |
HMDB00657 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers |
None |
| Metabolite Identification |
|---|
| Common Name |
Copper |
| Description |
Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In the body, copper shifts between the cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+) forms, though the majority of the body's copper is in the Cu2+ form. The ability of copper to easily accept and donate electrons explains its important role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and in scavenging free radicals. Copper is a critical functional component of a number of essential enzymes known as cuproenzymes. For instance, the copper-dependent enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase, plays a critical role in cellular energy production. By catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) to water (H2O), cytochrome c oxidase generates an electrical gradient used by the mitochondria to create the vital energy-storing molecule, ATP. Another cuproenzyme, lysyl oxidase, is required for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, which are essential for the formation of strong and flexible connective tissue. Another cuproeznyme, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), plays a role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAO also functions in the degradation of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is the basis for the use of MAO inhibitors as antidepressants. One of the most important cuproenzymes is Superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD functions as an antioxidant by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide radicals (free radicals or ROS) to hydrogen peroxide, which can subsequently be reduced to water by other antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of SOD contain copper: 1) copper/zinc SOD is found within most cells of the body, including red blood cells, and 2) extracellular SOD is a copper-containing enzyme found at high levels in the lungs and low levels in blood plasma. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms. Copper is normally bound to cuproenzymes (such as SOD, MOA) and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. An imbalance of zinc and copper status might be involved in human hypertension. |
| Structure |
Download:
MOL |
SDF |
SMILES |
InChI
Display:
2D Structure |
3D Structure
|
| Synonyms |
- Copper
- Cu
|
| Chemical Formula |
Cu |
| Average Molecular Weight |
63.546 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
62.929601079 |
| IUPAC Name |
copper(2+) ion |
| Traditional IUPAC Name |
copper(2+) |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-50-8 |
| SMILES |
[Cu++] |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1S/Cu/q+2 |
| InChI Key |
JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Chemical Taxonomy |
|---|
| Kingdom |
Inorganic Compounds |
| Super Class |
Homogeneous Metal Compounds |
| Class |
Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds |
| Sub Class |
N/A |
| Other Descriptors |
- a cation(Cyc)
- copper cation(ChEBI)
- divalent metal cation(ChEBI)
- monoatomic dication(ChEBI)
|
| Substituents |
|
| Direct Parent |
Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds |
| Ontology |
|---|
| Status |
Detected and Quantified |
| Origin |
|
| Biofunction |
- Enzyme co-factor
- Essential minerals
|
| Application |
Not Available |
| Cellular locations |
- Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
|
| Physical Properties |
|---|
| State |
Solid |
| Experimental Properties |
| Property |
Value |
Reference |
| Melting Point |
1083 °C |
Not Available |
| Boiling Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Water Solubility |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| LogP |
Not Available |
Not Available |
|
| Predicted Properties |
|
| Spectra |
|---|
|
Not Available
|
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| Cellular Locations |
- Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
|
| Biofluid Locations |
- Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Urine
|
| Tissue Location |
- Intestine
- Erythrocyte
- Kidney
- Liver
- Brain
- Hair
|
| Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Normal Concentrations |
|---|
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
14.71645(14.20635-15.22336) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
14.5 +/- 3.1 uM |
Elderly (>65 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
4.56 +/- 1.83 uM |
Newborn (0-30 days old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
20.3 (13.1 - 27.4) uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
17.0 (10.2 - 29.0) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
23.7 (11.3 - 27.0) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
17.2 (12.7 - 21.6) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
37.6 (23.6 - 49.9) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
11.8 (7.5 - 16.1) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
15.06127(14.09512-15.95434) uM |
Not Available |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.7 +/- 1.4 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.69 +/- 1.54 uM |
Elderly (>65 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
2.253 +/- 3.118 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.26 (0.24-0.28) uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.01994(0.01940-0.05192) umol/mmol creatinine |
Not Available |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.02174(0.01815-0.02551) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.0163 (0.0006-0.1099) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
by ICP MS
|
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.025 (0.013-0.044) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.019 (0.0092-0.038) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
|
| Abnormal Concentrations |
|---|
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
22.0 (14.00-30.00) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Menkes syndrome |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
7.0 (1.5-12.7) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Menkes syndrome |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
22.96 +/- 7.64 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Multiple sclerosis |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
15.70 +/- 3.80 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Parkinson's disease |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
8.00 (3.00-12.7) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
WIlson disease |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
15.4 +/- 3.9 uM |
Elderly (>65 years old) |
Both |
Alzheimer's disease |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.39 +/- 1.02 uM |
Elderly (>65 years old) |
Both |
Alzheimer's disease |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.57 (0.10-1.14) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Wilson disease |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.02 (0.00-0.04) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Wilson disease |
Not Available |
|
| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
|---|
| Disease References |
| Alzheimer's disease |
|---|
- Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm. 1998;105(4-5):479-88.
Pubmed: 9720975
- Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203.
Pubmed: 16244393
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
|---|
- Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6.
Pubmed: 16244395
|
| Parkinson's disease |
|---|
- Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95.
Pubmed: 16244392
|
| Menkes disease |
|---|
- http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=MENKES%20SYNDROME
|
| Wilson's disease |
|---|
- http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=WILSON%20DISEASE
|
|
| Associated OMIM IDs |
|
| External Links |
|---|
| DrugBank ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Compound ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID |
Not Available |
| FoodDB ID |
FDB003582 |
| KNApSAcK ID |
Not Available |
| Chemspider ID |
25221 |
| KEGG Compound ID |
C00070 |
| BioCyc ID |
CUCL2 |
| BiGG ID |
Not Available |
| Wikipedia Link |
Copper |
| NuGOwiki Link |
HMDB00657 |
| Metagene Link |
HMDB00657 |
| METLIN ID |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound |
27099 |
| PDB ID |
CU |
| ChEBI ID |
29036 |
| References |
|---|
| Synthesis Reference |
Not Available |
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
Download (PDF)
|
| General References |
- Koury JC, de Olilveria AV Jr, Portella ES, de Olilveria CF, Lopes GC, Donangelo CM: Zinc and copper biochemical indices of antioxidant status in elite athletes of different modalities. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Jun;14(3):358-72.
Pubmed: 15256695
- Hoogenraad TU: Paradigm shift in treatment of Wilson's disease: zinc therapy now treatment of choice. Brain Dev. 2006 Apr;28(3):141-6. Epub 2006 Feb 7.
Pubmed: 16466879
- Kedzierska E: [Concentrations of selected bioelements and toxic metals and their influence on health status of children and youth residing in Szczecin] Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2003;49:131-43.
Pubmed: 15552844
- Dib N, Valsesia E, Malinge MC, Mauras Y, Misrahi M, Cales P: Late onset of Wilson's disease in a family with genetic haemochromatosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;18(1):43-7.
Pubmed: 16357618
- Kodama H, Sato E, Gu YH, Shiga K, Fujisawa C, Kozuma T: Effect of copper and diethyldithiocarbamate combination therapy on the macular mouse, an animal model of Menkes disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):971-8.
Pubmed: 16435190
- Cengiz B, Soylemez F, Ozturk E, Cavdar AO: Serum zinc, selenium, copper, and lead levels in women with second-trimester induced abortion resulting from neural tube defects: a preliminary study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Mar;97(3):225-35.
Pubmed: 14997023
- Langner C, Denk H: Wilson disease. Virchows Arch. 2004 Aug;445(2):111-8. Epub 2004 Jun 17.
Pubmed: 15205951
- Kitzberger R, Madl C, Ferenci P: Wilson disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Dec;20(4):295-302.
Pubmed: 16382340
- Chen D, Cui QC, Yang H, Dou QP: Disulfiram, a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug and copper-binding agent, induces apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cultures and xenografts via inhibition of the proteasome activity. Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10425-33.
Pubmed: 17079463
- Briviba K, Schnabele K, Rechkemmer G, Bub A: Supplementation of a diet low in carotenoids with tomato or carrot juice does not affect lipid peroxidation in plasma and feces of healthy men. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1081-3.
Pubmed: 15113949
- Pizent A, Jurasovic J, Telisman S: Serum calcium, zinc, and copper in relation to biomarkers of lead and cadmium in men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2003;17(3):199-205.
Pubmed: 14968933
- Squitti R, Barbati G, Rossi L, Ventriglia M, Dal Forno G, Cesaretti S, Moffa F, Caridi I, Cassetta E, Pasqualetti P, Calabrese L, Lupoi D, Rossini PM: Excess of nonceruloplasmin serum copper in AD correlates with MMSE, CSF [beta]-amyloid, and h-tau. Neurology. 2006 Jul 11;67(1):76-82.
Pubmed: 16832081
- Odland JO, Nieboer E, Romanova N, Thomassen Y: Elements in placenta and pregnancy outcome in arctic and subarctic areas. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2004 May;63(2):169-87.
Pubmed: 15253483
- Venelinov TI, Davies IM, Beattie JH: Dialysis-Chelex method for determination of exchangeable copper in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004 Jul;379(5-6):777-80. Epub 2004 Feb 26.
Pubmed: 14991216
- Attri S, Sharma N, Jahagirdar S, Thapa BR, Prasad R: Erythrocyte metabolism and antioxidant status of patients with Wilson disease with hemolytic anemia. Pediatr Res. 2006 Apr;59(4 Pt 1):593-7.
Pubmed: 16549536
- Jablonska-Kaszewska I, Dabrowska E, Drobinska Jurowiecka A, Falkiewicz B: Treatment of Wilson's disease. Med Sci Monit. 2003 Aug;9 Suppl 3:5-8.
Pubmed: 15156602
- Daniel KG, Harbach RH, Guida WC, Dou QP: Copper storage diseases: Menkes, Wilsons, and cancer. Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 1;9:2652-62.
Pubmed: 15358588
- Aoki T: [Genetic disorders of copper transport--diagnosis and new treatment for the patients of Wilson's disease] No To Hattatsu. 2005 Mar;37(2):99-109.
Pubmed: 15773321
- Meng Y, Miyoshi I, Hirabayashi M, Su M, Mototani Y, Okamura T, Terada K, Ueda M, Enomoto K, Sugiyama T, Kasai N: Restoration of copper metabolism and rescue of hepatic abnormalities in LEC rats, an animal model of Wilson disease, by expression of human ATP7B gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Nov 5;1690(3):208-19.
Pubmed: 15511628
- Gorter RW, Butorac M, Cobian EP: Examination of the cutaneous absorption of copper after the use of copper-containing ointments. Am J Ther. 2004 Nov-Dec;11(6):453-8.
Pubmed: 15543084
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| Enzymes |
|---|
| Name: |
Tyrosinase
|
| Reactions: |
- L-tyrosine + L-dopa + O2 = L-dopa + dopaquinone + H2O [RN:R02078]
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| Gene Name: |
TYR |
| Uniprot ID: |
P14679 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
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| Reactions: |
- 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O [RN:R02535]
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| Gene Name: |
DBH |
| Uniprot ID: |
P09172 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Ceruloplasmin
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| Reactions: |
- 4 Fe(II) + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe(III) + 2 H2O [RN:R00078]
|
| Gene Name: |
CP |
| Uniprot ID: |
P00450 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Protein-lysine 6-oxidase
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| Reactions: |
- peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + O2 + H2O = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + H2O2 [RN:R04239]
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| Gene Name: |
LOX |
| Uniprot ID: |
P28300 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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