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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2019-01-11 19:14:13 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000244 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Riboflavin |
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Description | Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolizing of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin is found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow in color and in addition to being used as a food coloring it is also used to fortify some foods. It can be found in baby foods, breakfast cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk products. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1-Deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)pentitol | ChEBI | 6,7-Dimethyl-9-D-ribitylisoalloxazine | ChEBI | 7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione | ChEBI | 7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)isoalloxazine | ChEBI | 7,8-Dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine | ChEBI | e101 | ChEBI | Lactoflavin | ChEBI | Riboflavina | ChEBI | RIBOFLAVINE | ChEBI | Riboflavinum | ChEBI | Vitamin b2 | ChEBI | Vitamin g | ChEBI | (-)-Riboflavin | HMDB | 1-Deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol | HMDB | 6,7-Dimethyl-9-ribitylisoalloxazine | HMDB | 7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)-benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione | HMDB | Beflavin | HMDB | Beflavine | HMDB | benzo[g]Pteridine riboflavin deriv. | HMDB | e 101 | HMDB | Flavaxin | HMDB | Flavin BB | HMDB | Flaxain | HMDB | FOOD Yellow 15 | HMDB | Hyre | HMDB | Lactobene | HMDB | Lactoflavine | HMDB | Ribipca | HMDB | Ribocrisina | HMDB | Riboderm | HMDB | Ribosyn | HMDB | Ribotone | HMDB | Ribovel | HMDB | Russupteridine yellow III | HMDB | San yellow b | HMDB | Vitaflavine | HMDB | Vitasan b2 | HMDB | Vitamin b 2 | MeSH |
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Chemical Formula | C17H20N4O6 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 376.3639 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 376.138284392 |
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IUPAC Name | 7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione |
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Traditional Name | riboflavin |
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CAS Registry Number | 83-88-5 |
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SMILES | CC1=C(C)C=C2N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C3=NC(=O)NC(=O)C3=NC2=C1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavins. These are compounds containing a flavin (7,8-dimethyl-benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione) moiety, with a structure characterized by an isoalloaxzine tricyclic ring. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Pteridines and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Alloxazines and isoalloxazines |
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Direct Parent | Flavins |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Flavin
- Diazanaphthalene
- Quinoxaline
- Pyrimidone
- Pyrazine
- Pyrimidine
- Benzenoid
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Vinylogous amide
- Secondary alcohol
- Lactam
- Polyol
- Azacycle
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: Biological role: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 290 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.085 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | -1.46 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-006x-4980000000-dd278a577316361d270a | View in MoNA |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-006x-4980000000-dd278a577316361d270a | View in MoNA |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0btc-9014000000-75f046dc3c6cb008690e | View in MoNA |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0zfs-5146149000-f9db57dd1ccd4a014604 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0019000000-86365dedafa031aa7787 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0006-4390000000-ac1b59ab7cc2209f4241 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-00dj-4900000000-72d33eb27b9bd6a13d9e | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive | splash10-004l-0569000000-874b71fdc78d04853bf0 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-0a4i-0091000000-a82c54d3153103fcdb1f | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive | splash10-004i-0239000000-659ca9fae9643f3ce73d | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0a4i-0091000000-a82c54d3153103fcdb1f | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negative | splash10-0a4i-0090000000-2aff124ee1fc62c13844 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negative | splash10-0a4i-0090000000-f8b29c3e2c601a944a6c | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negative | splash10-0a4i-0090000000-4e8c9bd38ea0f5ae9a94 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-004l-0569000000-874b71fdc78d04853bf0 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-0006-0092000000-1f1be5508c1d50d8dff7 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-0006-0092000000-74bf0b86efe72fe37198 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-057i-0069000000-bb0522be4472e049dbc5 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-057i-0069000000-208440cf501d0b9050d7 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-006x-0029000000-8c3d72bf2a06d79bbd31 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-006x-0039000000-7d8dc991995cfc262ad1 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-0006-0092000000-4f524f1e6c8131751c92 | View in MoNA |
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LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positive | splash10-0560-0069000000-edc332be3fcbf6d0c14b | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0a6r-1029000000-cb7561783d706b360970 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0bt9-4092000000-a884c2c509c2da1c9005 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0a6r-1190000000-1d77df8220a965f08454 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-007o-9068000000-99f78bac6ce18b370145 | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0006-9141000000-70e4d57c08631d27b93d | View in MoNA |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-9220000000-ddd6caad2f26c593ced0 | View in MoNA |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Erythrocyte
- Heart
- Kidney
- Liver
- Prostate
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.845 (0.361-1.77) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.015 (0.0054-0.028) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.385 (0.15-0.96) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.530 (0.265-1.30) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.10-0.50 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00797-0.0399 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.35 +/- 0.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.710 +/- 0.180 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.754 +/- 0.222 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.880 +/- 0.375 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.058 +/- 0.048 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.578 +/- 0.157 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.578 +/- 0.157 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.18 +/- 0.08 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.24 +/- 0.24 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.04 +/- 0.01 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0193 +/- 0.0139 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0255 +/- 0.0208 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.015 +/- 0.018 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Anorexia nervosa | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00502 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Not Available | Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome 1 | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.18 +/- 0.02 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Alcoholism | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.14 +/- 0.06 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Alcoholism | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal adenoma | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Cardiosvacular risk | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.757 +/- 5.779 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Anorexia nervosa |
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- Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed:10197568 ]
| Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome 1 |
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- Udhayabanu T, Subramanian VS, Teafatiller T, Gowda VK, Raghavan VS, Varalakshmi P, Said HM, Ashokkumar B: SLC52A2 [p.P141T] and SLC52A3 [p.N21S] causing Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome in an Indian patient: First genetically proven case with mutations in two riboflavin transporters. Clin Chim Acta. 2016 Nov 1;462:210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.09.022. Epub 2016 Oct 1. [PubMed:27702554 ]
| Alcoholism |
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- Dastur DK, Santhadevi N, Quadros EV, Avari FC, Wadia NH, Desai MN, Bharucha EP: The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism. A model of intervitamin relationships. Br J Nutr. 1976 Sep;36(2):143-59. [PubMed:182198 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 606788 (Anorexia nervosa)
- 211530 (Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome 1)
- 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00140 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FoodDB ID | FDB012160 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00001552 |
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Chemspider ID | 431981 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00255 |
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BioCyc ID | RIBOFLAVIN |
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BiGG ID | 34409 |
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Wikipedia Link | Riboflavin |
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METLIN ID | 5249 |
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PubChem Compound | 493570 |
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PDB ID | RBF |
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ChEBI ID | 17015 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Tishler, Max; Pfister, Karl, III; Babson, R. D.; Ladenburg, Kurt; Fleming, Ann J. Reaction between o-aminoazo compounds and barbituric acid. A new synthesis of riboflavin. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1947), 69 1487-92. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Mathew JL, Kabi BC, Rath B: Anti-oxidant vitamins and steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Oct;38(5):450-37. [PubMed:12354259 ]
- Booth CK, Clark T, Fenn A: Folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and vitamin B-6 status of a group of first-time blood donors. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Nov;68(5):1075-80. [PubMed:9808225 ]
- Boisvert WA, Mendoza I, Castaneda C, De Portocarrero L, Solomons NW, Gershoff SN, Russell RM: Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macronutrient composition of the diet. J Nutr. 1993 May;123(5):915-25. [PubMed:8487103 ]
- Mikalunas V, Fitzgerald K, Rubin H, McCarthy R, Craig RM: Abnormal vitamin levels in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Nov-Dec;33(5):393-6. [PubMed:11606856 ]
- Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Roach R, Rotter M, Urban G, Weinberg S, Roe DA: Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Sep;40(3):553-61. [PubMed:6475825 ]
- Alexander M, Emanuel G, Golin T, Pinto JT, Rivlin RS: Relation of riboflavin nutriture in healthy elderly to intake of calcium and vitamin supplements: evidence against riboflavin supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Apr;39(4):540-6. [PubMed:6546833 ]
- Baeckert PA, Greene HL, Fritz I, Oelberg DG, Adcock EW: Vitamin concentrations in very low birth weight infants given vitamins intravenously in a lipid emulsion: measurement of vitamins A, D, and E and riboflavin. J Pediatr. 1988 Dec;113(6):1057-65. [PubMed:3142982 ]
- Maiani G, Mobarhan S, Nicastro A, Virgili F, Scaccini C, Ferro-Luzzi A: [Determination of glutathione reductase activity in erythrocytes and whole blood as an indicator of riboflavin nutrition]. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1983;5(3):171-8. [PubMed:6650303 ]
- Bamji MS, Bhaskaram P, Jacob CM: Urinary riboflavin excretion and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity in preschool children suffering from upper respiratory infections and measles. Ann Nutr Metab. 1987;31(3):191-6. [PubMed:3592624 ]
- Ajayi OA: Bioavailability of riboflavin from fortified palm juice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1989 Dec;39(4):375-80. [PubMed:2631092 ]
- Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaya OA, Spirichev VB: Fluorometric riboflavin titration in plasma by riboflavin-binding apoprotein as a method for vitamin B2 status assessment. Ann Nutr Metab. 1995;39(6):355-60. [PubMed:8678471 ]
- Bates CJ, Powers HJ: A simple fluorimetric assay for pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase in erythrocyte haemolysates: effects of riboflavin supplementation and of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985 Mar;39(2):107-15. [PubMed:4019261 ]
- Brun TA, Chen J, Campbell TC, Boreham J, Feng Z, Parpia B, Shen TF, Li M: Urinary riboflavin excretion after a load test in rural China as a measure of possible riboflavin deficiency. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990 Mar;44(3):195-206. [PubMed:2369885 ]
- Mulherin DM, Thurnham DI, Situnayake RD: Glutathione reductase activity, riboflavin status, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 Nov;55(11):837-40. [PubMed:8976642 ]
- Rao PN, Levine E, Myers MO, Prakash V, Watson J, Stolier A, Kopicko JJ, Kissinger P, Raj SG, Raj MH: Elevation of serum riboflavin carrier protein in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Nov;8(11):985-90. [PubMed:10566553 ]
- Zhou X, Huang C, Hong J, Yao S: [Nested case-control study on riboflavin levels in blood and urine and the risk of lung cancer]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2003 Nov;32(6):597-8, 601. [PubMed:14963913 ]
- Thurnham DI, Zheng SF, Munoz N, Crespi M, Grassi A, Hambidge KM, Chai TF: Comparison of riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc status of Chinese populations at high and low risk for esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1985;7(3):131-43. [PubMed:3878498 ]
- Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Paul AA, Prentice A, Sutcliffe BA, Whitehead RG: Riboflavin status in infants born in rural Gambia, and the effect of a weaning food supplement. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76(2):253-8. [PubMed:7101408 ]
- Dror Y, Stern F, Komarnitsky M: Optimal and stable conditions for the determination of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient to evaluate riboflavin status. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994;64(4):257-62. [PubMed:7883462 ]
- Switzer BR, Stark AH, Atwood JR, Ritenbaugh C, Travis RG, Wu HM: Development of a urinary riboflavin adherence marker for a wheat bran fiber community intervention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Jun;6(6):439-42. [PubMed:9184778 ]
- Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB: Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jan;63(1):54-66. [PubMed:8604671 ]
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