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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for L-Histidine (HMDB00177)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:08:02 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00177
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB03412
Metabolite Identification
Common Name L-Histidine
Description Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants but not adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of too-rapid removal of histidine from their blood. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-inflammatory properties. histidine may accomplish this function through a complex interaction with threonine or cysteine and possibly copper. However, copper is usually elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients and worsens the disease. Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Histidine has been claimed to have been useful in hypertension because of its vasodilatory effects. Claims of its use to improve libido and counteract allergy are without proof at present. Histidine may have many other possible functions because it is the precursor of the ubiquitous neurohormone-neurotransmitter histamine. Histidine increases histamine in the blood and probably in the brain. Low blood histamine with low serum histidine occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Low blood histamine also occurs in some manic, schizophrenic, high copper and hyperactive groups of psychiatric patients. Histidine is a useful therapy in all low histamine patients. ( http://www.dcnutrition.com ).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. (S)-1H-Imidazole-4-alanine
  2. (S)-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionsaeure
  3. (S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole
  4. (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate
  5. (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid
  6. (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate
  7. (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid
  8. (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate
  9. (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
  10. (S)-Histidine
  11. (S)1H-Imidazole-4-alanine
  12. 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-L-Alanine
  13. Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate
  14. Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid
  15. Amino-4-imidazoleproprionate
  16. Amino-4-imidazoleproprionic acid
  17. Glyoxaline-5-alanine
  18. His
  19. Histidine
  20. L-(-)-Histidine
Chemical Formula C6H9N3O2
Average Molecular Weight 155.1546
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 155.069476547
IUPAC Name (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name histidine
CAS Registry Number 71-00-1
SMILES N[C@@H](CC1=CNC=N1)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1
InChI Key HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Class Amino Acids and Derivatives
Sub Class Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Other Descriptors
  • Aromatic Heteromonocyclic Compounds
  • alpha-amino acid(ChEBI)
  • imidazoles(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • Aminoimidazole
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Imidazole
  • Imidazolyl Carboxylic Acid Derivative
  • Primary Aliphatic Amine (Alkylamine)
Direct Parent Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Food
  • Drug
Biofunction
  • Component of Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
  • Component of Histidine metabolism
  • Component of Nitrogen metabolism
  • Essential amino acid
  • Essential amino acids
  • semi-essential amino acids
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 287 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 45.6 mg/mL Not Available
LogP -3.32 CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 71.3 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -2.67 ALOGPS
LogP -3.3 ChemAxon
LogS -0.34 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 1.85 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.25 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 92 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 3 ChemAxon
Refractivity 37.49 ChemAxon
Polarizability 14.92 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
13C NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • All Tissues
  • Prostate
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Histidine Metabolism SMP00044 map00340 Link_out
Ammonia Recycling SMP00009 map00910 Link_out
Transcription/Translation SMP00019 Not Available
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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75.0 +/- 20.0 uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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86.0 +/- 10.0 uM Children (1-13 year old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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89.0 +/- 11.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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83.0 +/- 14.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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143.1 +/- 27.3 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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82.0 (72.0-92.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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131.2 +/- 37.3 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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14.0 +/- 8.0 uM Not Specified Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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20.7 +/- 7.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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16.8 +/- 2.7 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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18.6 +/- 3.3 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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16.4 +/- 6.1 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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10.9 (10.4-11.4) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
11.9 +/- 1.7 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Saliva Detected and Quantified
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>10 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
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Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
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Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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101.9 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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25.79-212.81 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
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Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
87.2 (23.0-151.0) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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47.12 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.0036 - 0.0376 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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43 (17-90) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal urine by NMR
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Urine compound detected by GC-MS
Urine Detected and Quantified
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2.2 (1.18-3.4) umol/mmol creatinine Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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31.0 +/- 15.0 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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85.0 +/- 33.0 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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62.0 +/- 28.0 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
60.75 +/- 27.45 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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45.6 (21.7-71.5) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by LC-MS/MS (Biocrates kit)
Urine Detected and Quantified
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88 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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194.90 +/- 144.31 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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46.1 +/- 17.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Heart Transplant Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
88.00 (56.00-120.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinemia Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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885.00 (290.00-1420.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinemia Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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116.68 +/- 18.15 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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67.0 (64.0-70.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Dengue fever Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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80.5 +/- 4.2 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Epilepsy Acute seizures
Blood Detected and Quantified
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107.0 +/- 6.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Epilepsy Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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21.4 +/- 6.6 uM Children (1-13 year old) Not Specified Leukemia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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10.3 +/- 3.7 uM Children (1-13 year old) Not Specified Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central...
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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13.00 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinemia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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95.00 (48.00-142.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinemia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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130.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinemia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
14.4 +/- 6.32 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Probable Alzheimer's diesease Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.0033 - 0.0186 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both ADPKD Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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30.5 +/- 4.3 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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112.00 (59.00-166.00) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Histidinuria Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
105.3 +/- 12.7 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both 3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
65.5 +/- 11.3 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both 3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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52.9 +/- 12.5 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Arginosuccinic aciduria Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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154.3 +/- 13.7 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Propionic acidemia Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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52 +/- 29 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Tyrosinemia I Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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37.9 +/- 9.8 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Tyrosinemia I Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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62.6 +/- 12.3 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Phenylketonuria Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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68 +/- 19.9 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Phenylketonuria Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
171.8 +/- 4.3 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Maple syrup urine disease Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
180.1 +/- 12.4 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Aminoaciduria Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Dengue fever
  • Klassen P, Furst P, Schulz C, Mazariegos M, Solomons NW: Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):647-52. Pubmed: 11237944 Link_out
    Epilepsy
    • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
      Histidinemia
      • Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. Pubmed: 7729054 Link_out
      • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=HISTIDINEMIA
      • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=HISTIDINURIA
      Leukemia
      • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. Pubmed: 15911239 Link_out
        Alzheimer's disease
        • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed: 17031479 Link_out
          Associated OMIM IDs
          DrugBank ID DB00117 Link_out
          Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
          Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
          FoodDB ID FDB011856
          KNApSAcK ID C00001363 Link_out
          Chemspider ID 6038 Link_out
          KEGG Compound ID C00135 Link_out
          BioCyc ID HIS Link_out
          BiGG ID 33985 Link_out
          Wikipedia Link L-Histidine Link_out
          NuGOwiki Link HMDB00177 Link_out
          Metagene Link HMDB00177 Link_out
          METLIN ID 21 Link_out
          PubChem Compound 6274 Link_out
          PDB ID 1KAH Link_out
          ChEBI ID 15971 Link_out
          References
          Synthesis Reference Aurelio Luigi; Brownlee Robert T C; Hughes Andrew B A novel synthesis of N-methyl asparagine, arginine, histidine, and tryptophan. Organic letters (2002), 4(21), 3767-9.
          Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
          General References
          1. Mukerji SK, Pimstone NR, Gandhi SN, Tan KT: Biochemical diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic modulation of disease activity in an unusual case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Clin Chem. 1985 Dec;31(12):1946-51. Pubmed: 4064282 Link_out
          2. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. Pubmed: 15911239 Link_out
          3. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. Pubmed: 12297216 Link_out
          4. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
          5. Xiao B, Jing C, Kelly G, Walker PA, Muskett FW, Frenkiel TA, Martin SR, Sarma K, Reinberg D, Gamblin SJ, Wilson JR: Specificity and mechanism of the histone methyltransferase Pr-Set7. Genes Dev. 2005 Jun 15;19(12):1444-54. Epub 2005 Jun 2. Pubmed: 15933069 Link_out
          6. Churchill D, Yacoub JM, Siu KP, Symes A, Gault MH: Toxic nephropathy after low-dose methoxyflurane anesthesia: drug interaction with secobarbital? Can Med Assoc J. 1976 Feb 21;114(4):326-8, 333. Pubmed: 1253070 Link_out
          7. Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. Pubmed: 7729054 Link_out
          8. Sieja K, Stanosz S, von Mach-Szczypinski J, Olewniczak S, Stanosz M: Concentration of histamine in serum and tissues of the primary ductal breast cancers in women. Breast. 2005 Jun;14(3):236-41. Epub 2005 Jan 21. Pubmed: 15927833 Link_out
          9. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. Pubmed: 12097436 Link_out
          10. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. Pubmed: 2026685 Link_out
          11. Masini E, Fabbroni V, Giannini L, Vannacci A, Messerini L, Perna F, Cortesini C, Cianchi F: Histamine and histidine decarboxylase up-regulation in colorectal cancer: correlation with tumor stage. Inflamm Res. 2005 Apr;54 Suppl 1:S80-1. Pubmed: 15928846 Link_out
          12. Klassen P, Furst P, Schulz C, Mazariegos M, Solomons NW: Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):647-52. Pubmed: 11237944 Link_out
          13. Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. Pubmed: 6696735 Link_out
          14. Xiao YP, Han CB, Mao XY, Li JY, Xu L, Ren CS, Xin Y: Relationship between abnormality of FHIT gene and EBV infection in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 7;11(21):3212-6. Pubmed: 15929169 Link_out
          15. Mason AB, Halbrooks PJ, James NG, Connolly SA, Larouche JR, Smith VC, MacGillivray RT, Chasteen ND: Mutational analysis of C-lobe ligands of human serum transferrin: insights into the mechanism of iron release. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 7;44(22):8013-21. Pubmed: 15924420 Link_out
          16. Janknecht R, Hipskind RA, Houthaeve T, Nordheim A, Stunnenberg HG: Identification of multiple SRF N-terminal phosphorylation sites affecting DNA binding properties. EMBO J. 1992 Mar;11(3):1045-54. Pubmed: 1547771 Link_out
          17. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. Pubmed: 6198473 Link_out
          18. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411 Link_out
          Enzymes
          Name: Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
          Reactions:
          • (1) 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine = dopamine + CO2 [RN:R02080]
          • (2) 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan = 5-hydroxytryptamine + CO2 [RN:R02701]
          Gene Name: DDC
          Uniprot ID: P20711 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase
          Reactions:
          • Preferential hydrolysis of the beta-Ala!His dipeptide (carnosine), and also anserine, Xaa!His dipeptides and other dipeptides including homocarnosine [RN:R01166 R03288] ALL_REAC R01166 R03288 COFACTOR Citrate [CPD:C00158]
          • Cadmium [CPD:C01413]
          Gene Name: CNDP1
          Uniprot ID: Q96KN2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3
          Reactions:
            Gene Name: PRMT3
            Uniprot ID: O60678 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Probable histidyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-histidine + tRNAHis = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNAHis [RN:R03655]
            Gene Name: HARS2
            Uniprot ID: P49590 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Histidyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-histidine + tRNAHis = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNAHis [RN:R03655]
            Gene Name: HARS
            Uniprot ID: P12081 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Histidine ammonia-lyase
            Reactions:
            • L-histidine = urocanate + NH3 [RN:R01168]
            Gene Name: HAL
            Uniprot ID: P42357 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Histidine decarboxylase
            Reactions:
            • L-histidine = histamine + CO2 [RN:R01167]
            Gene Name: HDC
            Uniprot ID: P19113 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Transporters
            Name: Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3
            Reactions:
            • --- []
            Gene Name: SLC38A3
            Uniprot ID: Q99624 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: SLC16A10
              Uniprot ID: Q8TF71 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA