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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for Potassium (HMDB00586)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2006-08-15 16:06:05 -0600
Update Date 2013-02-08 11:19:14 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00586
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name Potassium
Description Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675 Link_out).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. K+
  2. Kalium
  3. Potassium
  4. Potassium (ion)
  5. Potassium (K+)
  6. Potassium cation
  7. Potassium ion
  8. Potassium ion (K+)
  9. Potassium ion (K1+)
  10. Potassium ion(+)
  11. Potassium ion(1+)
  12. Potassium monocation
  13. Potassium(+)
  14. Potassium(1+)
  15. Potassium(1+) ion
  16. Potassium(I) cation
Chemical Formula K
Average Molecular Weight 39.0983
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 38.963706861
IUPAC Name potassium
Traditional IUPAC Name potassium
CAS Registry Number 7440-09-7
SMILES [K+]
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/K/q+1
InChI Key NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Inorganic Compounds
Super Class Homogeneous Metal Compounds
Class Homogeneous Alkali Metal Compounds
Sub Class N/A
Other Descriptors
  • a cation(Cyc)
  • alkali metal cation(ChEBI)
  • elemental potassium(ChEBI)
  • monoatomic monocation(ChEBI)
  • monovalent inorganic cation(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • N/A
Direct Parent Homogeneous Alkali Metal Compounds
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
Biofunction
  • Essential minerals
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Extracellular
  • Golgi apparatus
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 63.2 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility Not Available Not Available
LogP Not Available Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
LogP 0.2 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 0 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 0 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 0 ChemAxon
Refractivity 0 ChemAxon
Polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 1 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon
Spectra
Not Available
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Golgi apparatus
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Location Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Lactose Degradation SMP00457 Not Available
Trehalose Degradation SMP00467 Not Available
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4600.0 +/- 500.0 uM Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Mean concentration of potassium in blood plasma...
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4200.0 (3600.0-4800.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4100.0 (3600.0-4600.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Mean concentration of potassium in blood serum...
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4560.0 +/- 560.0 uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Not Specified Normal Mean concentration of potassium in blood plasma...
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2960.0 (2620.0-3300.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2163 +/- 274 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3593.14 (553.33-8078.58) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by ICP MS
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4605.2 (2631.5 - 6578.9) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4407.8 +/- 131.5 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5460.00 +/- 197.00 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4500.00 (3500.00-5500.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Renal tubular acidosis, distal (RTA type I) Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2750.00 (2500.00-3000.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Renal tubular acidosis Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1
    • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=RENAL%20TUBULAR%20ACIDOSIS,%20DISTAL,%20RTA%20TYPE%20I
    Associated OMIM IDs
    • 179800 Link_out (Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1)
    DrugBank ID DB01345 Link_out
    Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
    Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
    FoodDB ID FDB003521
    KNApSAcK ID Not Available
    Chemspider ID Not Available
    KEGG Compound ID C00238 Link_out
    BioCyc ID K%2b Link_out
    BiGG ID 34349 Link_out
    Wikipedia Link Potassium Link_out
    NuGOwiki Link HMDB00586 Link_out
    Metagene Link HMDB00586 Link_out
    METLIN ID 3197 Link_out
    PubChem Compound Not Available
    PDB ID Not Available
    ChEBI ID 26216 Link_out
    References
    Synthesis Reference Alberti, Augusto. Recovering potassium salts from the refuse liquor of the manufacture of tartaric acid. (1910), US 957295 19100510 CAN 4:13164 AN 1910:13164
    Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
    General References
    1. Schaafsma A, de Vries PJ, Saris WH: Delay of natural bone loss by higher intakes of specific minerals and vitamins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2001 May;41(4):225-49. Pubmed: 11401244 Link_out
    2. Preuss HG: Diet, genetics and hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Aug;16(4):296-305. Pubmed: 9263178 Link_out
    3. Beede DK: Mineral and water nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1991 Jul;7(2):373-90. Pubmed: 1893277 Link_out
    Enzymes
    Name: 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrial
    Reactions:
    • 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase] S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoyllysine + CO2 [RN:R01701]
    Gene Name: BCKDHA
    Uniprot ID: P12694 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-2
    Reactions:
    • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine [RN:R00177]
    Gene Name: MAT2A
    Uniprot ID: P31153 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-1
    Reactions:
    • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine [RN:R00177]
    Gene Name: MAT1A
    Uniprot ID: Q00266 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2
    Reactions:
    • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
    Gene Name: PKM2
    Uniprot ID: P14618 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L
    Reactions:
    • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
    Gene Name: PKLR
    Uniprot ID: P30613 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2
    Reactions:
    • inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+ [RN:R01130]
    Gene Name: IMPDH2
    Uniprot ID: P12268 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1
    Reactions:
    • inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+ [RN:R01130]
    Gene Name: IMPDH1
    Uniprot ID: P20839 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Pyridoxal kinase
    Reactions:
    • ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate [RN:R00174]
    Gene Name: PDXK
    Uniprot ID: O00764 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3
    Reactions:
      Gene Name: ATP1B3
      Uniprot ID: P54709 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2
      Reactions:
        Gene Name: ATP1B2
        Uniprot ID: P14415 Link_out
        Protein Sequence: FASTA
        Gene Sequence: FASTA
        Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1
        Reactions:
          Gene Name: ATP1B1
          Uniprot ID: P05026 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 2
          Reactions:
          • ATP + H2O + H+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + H+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
          Gene Name: ATP12A
          Uniprot ID: P54707 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Protein ATP1B4
          Reactions:
            Gene Name: ATP1B4
            Uniprot ID: Q9UN42 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
            Reactions:
            • ATP + H2O + Na+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + Na+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
            Gene Name: ATP1A1
            Uniprot ID: P05023 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3
            Reactions:
            • ATP + H2O + Na+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + Na+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
            Gene Name: ATP1A3
            Uniprot ID: P13637 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: ATP4B
              Uniprot ID: P51164 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1
              Reactions:
              • ATP + H2O + H+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + H+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
              Gene Name: ATP4A
              Uniprot ID: P20648 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2
              Reactions:
              • ATP + H2O + Na+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + Na+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
              Gene Name: ATP1A2
              Uniprot ID: P50993 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
              Reactions:
                Gene Name: KCNMA1
                Uniprot ID: Q12791 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
                Reactions:
                  Gene Name: KCNH2
                  Uniprot ID: Q12809 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Calcium-binding protein p22
                  Reactions:
                    Gene Name: CHP
                    Uniprot ID: Q99653 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1
                    Reactions:
                      Gene Name: GABBR1
                      Uniprot ID: Q9UBS5 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Inward rectifier potassium channel 2
                      Reactions:
                        Gene Name: KCNJ2
                        Uniprot ID: P63252 Link_out
                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                        Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1
                        Reactions:
                          Gene Name: KCNQ1
                          Uniprot ID: P51787 Link_out
                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                          Name: ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
                          Reactions:
                            Gene Name: KCNJ1
                            Uniprot ID: P48048 Link_out
                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                            Gene Sequence: FASTA
                            Name: Calsenilin
                            Reactions:
                              Gene Name: KCNIP3
                              Uniprot ID: Q9Y2W7 Link_out
                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                              Name: ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11
                              Reactions:
                                Gene Name: KCNJ11
                                Uniprot ID: Q14654 Link_out
                                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                Name: Steroidogenic factor 1
                                Reactions:
                                  Gene Name: NR5A1
                                  Uniprot ID: Q13285 Link_out
                                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                  Name: Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4
                                  Reactions:
                                  • ATP + H2O + Na+in + K+out = ADP + phosphate + Na+out + K+in [RN:R00086]
                                  Gene Name: ATP1A4
                                  Uniprot ID: Q13733 Link_out
                                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                  Name: Kv channel-interacting protein 1
                                  Reactions:
                                    Gene Name: KCNIP1
                                    Uniprot ID: Q9NZI2 Link_out
                                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                    Name: Kv channel-interacting protein 2
                                    Reactions:
                                      Gene Name: KCNIP2
                                      Uniprot ID: Q9NS61 Link_out
                                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                      Name: Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3
                                      Reactions:
                                        Gene Name: KCNMB3
                                        Uniprot ID: Q9NPA1 Link_out
                                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                        Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3
                                        Reactions:
                                          Gene Name: KCNE3
                                          Uniprot ID: Q9Y6H6 Link_out
                                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                          Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1
                                          Reactions:
                                            Gene Name: KCNH1
                                            Uniprot ID: O95259 Link_out
                                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                            Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                            Name: NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase 1
                                            Reactions:
                                              Gene Name: NDOR1
                                              Uniprot ID: Q9UHB4 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]
                                              Gene Name: ACSM2B
                                              Uniprot ID: Q68CK6 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Tubulin--tyrosine ligase
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate [RN:R04730]
                                              Gene Name: TTL
                                              Uniprot ID: Q8NG68 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Pyruvate kinase
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
                                              Gene Name: Not Available
                                              Uniprot ID: Q16715 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Pyruvate kinase
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
                                              Gene Name: Not Available
                                              Uniprot ID: Q16716 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Pyruvate kinase
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
                                              Gene Name: PKM2
                                              Uniprot ID: Q504U3 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Pyruvate kinase
                                              Reactions:
                                              • ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]
                                              Gene Name: PKM2
                                              Uniprot ID: Q8WUW7 Link_out
                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                              Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1
                                              Reactions:
                                                Gene Name: KCNE1
                                                Uniprot ID: P15382 Link_out
                                                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2
                                                Reactions:
                                                  Gene Name: KCNQ2
                                                  Uniprot ID: O43526 Link_out
                                                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                  Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1
                                                  Reactions:
                                                    Gene Name: KCNA1
                                                    Uniprot ID: Q09470 Link_out
                                                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                    Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3
                                                    Reactions:
                                                      Gene Name: KCNQ3
                                                      Uniprot ID: O43525 Link_out
                                                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                      Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 2
                                                      Reactions:
                                                        Gene Name: KCNE2
                                                        Uniprot ID: Q9Y6J6 Link_out
                                                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                        Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2
                                                        Reactions:
                                                          Gene Name: KCND2
                                                          Uniprot ID: Q9NZV8 Link_out
                                                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                          Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3
                                                          Reactions:
                                                            Gene Name: KCND3
                                                            Uniprot ID: Q9UK17 Link_out
                                                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                            Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                            Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5
                                                            Reactions:
                                                              Gene Name: KCNQ5
                                                              Uniprot ID: Q9NR82 Link_out
                                                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                              Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4
                                                              Reactions:
                                                                Gene Name: KCNA4
                                                                Uniprot ID: P22459 Link_out
                                                                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                                Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3
                                                                Reactions:
                                                                  Gene Name: KCNA3
                                                                  Uniprot ID: P22001 Link_out
                                                                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                                  Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 3
                                                                  Reactions:
                                                                    Gene Name: KCNC3
                                                                    Uniprot ID: Q14003 Link_out
                                                                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                                    Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4
                                                                    Reactions:
                                                                      Gene Name: KCNQ4
                                                                      Uniprot ID: P56696 Link_out
                                                                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                                      Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 4
                                                                      Reactions:
                                                                        Gene Name: KCNC4
                                                                        Uniprot ID: Q03721 Link_out
                                                                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                                                        Name: Potassium channel subfamily K member 1
                                                                        Reactions:
                                                                          Gene Name: KCNK1
                                                                          Uniprot ID: O00180 Link_out
                                                                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                                                          Gene Sequence: FASTA