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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for AICAR (HMDB01517)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:58:52
Accession Number HMDB01517
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name AICAR
Description AICAR is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator. AICAR increases glucose uptake by inducing translocation of GLUT4 and/or by activating the p38 MAPK pathway.
Synonyms
  1. 5'-P-ribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide
  2. 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide
  3. 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide
  4. AICA ribonucleotide
  5. Z-nucleotide
  6. aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide
Chemical IUPAC Name [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(5-amino-4-carbamoyl-imidazol-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]methoxyphosphonic acid
Chemical Formula C9H15N4O8P
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Nucleosides and Nucleoside conjugates
Class
  • Nucleotides
Sub Class
  • Nucleotide monophosphates
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
  • primary amine
  • primary aromatic amine
  • primary carboxylic acid amide
  • phosphoric acid ester
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 338.211
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 338.062744
Isomeric SMILES NC(=O)C1=C(N)N(C=N1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
Canonical SMILES NC(=O)C1=C(N)N(C=N1)C1OC(COP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O
KEGG Compound ID C04677 Link Image
BioCyc ID AICAR Link Image
BiGG ID 44312 Link Image
Wikipedia Link AICA ribonucleotide Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB01517 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB01517 Link Image
METLIN ID 6294 Link Image
PubChem Compound 65110 Link Image
PubChem Substance 829620 Link Image
ChEBI ID 18406 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 3031-94-5
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C9H15N4O8P/c10-7-4(8(11)16)12-2-13(7)9-6(15)5(14)3(21-9)1-20-22(17,18)19/h2-3,5-6,9,14-15H,1,10H2,(H2,11,16)(H2,17,18,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
Synthesis Reference Schmitt, Laurent; Caperelli, Carol A. Enantiospecific synthesis of carbocyclic aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-AICAR), succinoaminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-SAICAR), and a new intermediate for SAICAR analogs. Nucleosides & Nucleotides (1995), 14(9 & 10), 1929-45.
Melting Point (Experimental) Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 41.7 mg/mL [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 2.79 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -2
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.16 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -3.5 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; -2.42 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location Not Available
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Skeletal Muscle
Concentrations (Normal) Not Available
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Purine Metabolism SMP00050 Link Image map00230 Link Image
General References
  1. Jakobsen SN, Hardie DG, Morrice N, Tornqvist HE: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates IRS-1 on Ser-789 in mouse C2C12 myotubes in response to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):46912-6. Epub 2001 Oct 11. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Koistinen HA, Galuska D, Chibalin AV, Yang J, Zierath JR, Holman GD, Wallberg-Henriksson H: 5-amino-imidazole carboxamide riboside increases glucose transport and cell-surface GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003 May;52(5):1066-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Koistinen HA, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR: Aberrant p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle from Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003 Oct;46(10):1324-8. Epub 2003 Aug 23. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
  2. Adenylosuccinate lyase
  3. Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5676
Enzyme 1 Name Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. APRT
Enzyme 1 Gene Name APRT
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
MADSELQLVEQRIRSFPDFPTPGVVFRDISPVLKDPASFRAAIGLLARHLKATHGGRIDY
IAGLDSRGFLFGPSLAQELGLGCVLIRKRGKLPGPTLWASYSLEYGKAELEIQKDALEPG
QRVVVVDDLLATGGTMNAACELLGRLQAEVLECVSLVELTSLKGREKLAPVPFFSLLQYE
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 180
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 19607.5
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 5.82
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
Process
  • adenine salvage
  • cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • nucleobase metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
  • nucleoside metabolic process
  • purine base biosynthetic process
  • purine base metabolic process
  • purine base salvage
Component
  • cell part
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular part
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate [RN:R00190]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 51476557 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P07741 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name APT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID 1ORE Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB File Show
Enzyme 1 3D Structure
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >543 bp
ATGGCCGACTCCGAGCTGCAGCTGGTTGAGCAGCGGATCCGCAGCTTCCCCGACTTCCCC
ACCCCAGGCGTGGTATTCAGGGACATCTCGCCCGTCCTGAAGGACCCCGCCTCCTTCCGC
GCCGCCATCGGCCTCCTGGCGCGACACCTGAAGGCGACCCACGGGGGCCGCATCGACTAC
ATCGCAGGCCTAGACTCCCGAGGCTTCCTCTTTGGCCCCTCCCTGGCCCAGGAGCTTGGA
CTGGGCTGCGTGCTCATCCGAAAGCGGGGGAAGCTGCCAGGCCCCACTCTGTGGGCCTCC
TATTCCCTGGAGTACGGGAAGGCTGAGCTGGAGATTCAGAAAGACGCCCTGGAGCCAGGA
CAGAGGGTGGTCGTCGTGGATGATCTGCTGGCCACTGGTGGAACCATGAACGCTGCCTGT
GAGCTGCTGGGCCGCCTGCAGGCTGAGGTCCTGGAGTGCGTGAGCCTGGTGGAGCTGACC
TCGCTTAAGGGCAGGGAGAAGCTGGCACCTGTACCCTTCTTCTCTCTCCTGCAGTATGAG
TGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID CR749423 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID APRT Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID APRT Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:626 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 1 Locus 16q24
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Hidaka Y, Tarle SA, O'Toole TE, Kelley WN, Palella TD: Nucleotide sequence of the human APRT gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 11;15(21):9086. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Broderick TP, Schaff DA, Bertino AM, Dush MK, Tischfield JA, Stambrook PJ: Comparative anatomy of the human APRT gene and enzyme: nucleotide sequence divergence and conservation of a nonrandom CpG dinucleotide arrangement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(10):3349-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Wilson JM, O'Toole TE, Argos P, Shewach DS, Daddona PE, Kelley WN: Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Complete amino acid sequence of the erythrocyte enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 15;261(29):13677-83. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J: Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 May;21(5):566-9. Epub 2003 Mar 31. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Keri G, Mann M, Daub H: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Jul;8(7):1751-64. Epub 2009 Apr 15. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Silva M, Silva CH, Iulek J, Thiemann OH: Three-dimensional structure of human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and its relation to DHA-urolithiasis. Biochemistry. 2004 Jun 22;43(24):7663-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Chen J, Sahota A, Laxdal T, Scrine M, Bowman S, Cui C, Stambrook PJ, Tischfield JA: Identification of a single missense mutation in the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) gene from five Icelandic patients and a British patient. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Dec;49(6):1306-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Sahota A, Chen J, Boyadjiev SA, Gault MH, Tischfield JA: Missense mutation in the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene causing 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 May;3(5):817-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Hidaka Y, Palella TD, O'Toole TE, Tarle SA, Kelley WN: Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Identification of allelic mutations at the nucleotide level as a cause of complete deficiency of the enzyme. J Clin Invest. 1987 Nov;80(5):1409-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Hidaka Y, Tarle SA, Fujimori S, Kamatani N, Kelley WN, Palella TD: Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Demonstration of a single mutant allele common to the Japanese. J Clin Invest. 1988 Mar;81(3):945-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Kamatani N, Hakoda M, Otsuka S, Yoshikawa H, Kashiwazaki S: Only three mutations account for almost all defective alleles causing adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in Japanese patients. J Clin Invest. 1992 Jul;90(1):130-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Deng L, Yang M, Frund S, Wessel T, De Abreu RA, Tischfield JA, Sahota A: 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis in a patient with considerable residual adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in cell extracts but with mutations in both copies of APRT. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Mar;72(3):260-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5857
Enzyme 2 Name Adenylosuccinate lyase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. ASL
  2. Adenylosuccinase
  3. ASase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name ADSL
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Adenylosuccinate lyase
MAAGGDHGSPDSYRSPLASRYASPEMCFVFSDRYKFRTWRQLWLWLAEAEQTLGLPITDE
QIQEMKSNLENIDFKMAAEEEKRLRHDVMAHVHTFGHCCPKAAGIIHLGATSCYVGDNTD
LIILRNALDLLLPKLARVISRLADFAKERASLPTLGFTHFQPAQLTTVGKRCCLWIQDLC
MDLQNLKRVRDDLRFRGVKGTTGTQASFLQLFEGDDHKVEQLDKMVTEKAGFKRAFIITG
QTYTRKVDIEVLSVLASLGASVHKICTDIRLLANLKEMEEPFEKQQIGSSAMPYKRNPMR
SERCCSLARHLMTLVMDPLQTASVQWFERTLDDSANRRICLAEAFLTADTILNTLQNISE
GLVVYPKVIERRIRQELPFMATENIIMAMVKAGGSRQDCHEKIRVLSQQAASVVKQEGGD
NDLIERIQVDAYFSPIHSQLDHLLDPSSFTGRASQQVQRFLEEEVYPLLKPYESVMKVKA
ELCL
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 484
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 54888.7
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 7.12
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity
  • amidine-lyase activity
  • carbon-nitrogen lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • lyase activity
Process
  • cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
  • nucleoside phosphate metabolic process
  • nucleotide metabolic process
  • purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
  • purine nucleotide metabolic process
  • purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in catalytic activity
Enzyme 2 Specific Function N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • (1) N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP [RN:R01083]
  • (2) (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4- carboxamido]succinate = fumarate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide [RN:R04559]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 28904 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P30566 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PUR8_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1455 bp
ATGGCGGCTGGAGGCGATCATGGTTCGCCCGACAGCTACCGCTCACCTCTTGCCTCCCGC
TATGCCAGCCCGGAGATGTGCTTCGTGTTTAGCGACAGGTATAAATTCCGGACATGGCGG
CAGCTGTGGCTGTGGCTGGCGGAGGCCGAGCAGACATTGGGTTTGCCTATCACAGATGAA
CAAATCCAGGAGATGAAATCAAACCTGGAGAACATAGACTTCAAGATGGCAGCTGAGGAA
GAGAAACGTTTACGACATGATGTGATGGCTCACGTGCACACATTTGGCCACTGCTGTCCA
AAAGCTGCAGGCATTATTCACCTTGGTGCTACTTCTTGCTATGTTGGAGACAATACTGAC
TTGATTATTCTTAGAAATGCACTTGACCTGCTTTTGCCAAAGCTTGCCAGAGTGATCTCT
CGGCTTGCCGACTTTGCTAAGGAACGAGCCAGTCTACCCACATTAGGTTTCACACATTTC
CAGCCTGCACAGCTGACCACAGTTGGGAAACGTTGCTGTCTTTGGATTCAGGATCTTTGC
ATGGATCTCCAGAACTTGAAGCGTGTCCGAGATGACCTGCGCTTCCGGGGAGTAAAGGGT
ACCACTGGCACTCAGGCCAGTTTCCTGCAGCTCTTTGAGGGAGATGACCATAAGGTAGAG
CAGCTTGACAAGATGGTGACAGAAAAGGCAGGATTTAAGAGAGCTTTCATCATCACAGGG
CAGACATATACACGAAAAGTGGATATTGAAGTACTGTCTGTGCTGGCTAGCTTGGGGGCA
TCAGTGCACAAGATTTGCACCGACATACGCCTCCTGGCAAACCTCAAGGAGATGGAGGAA
CCCTTTGAAAAACAGCAGATTGGCTCAAGTGCGATGCCATATAAGCGGAATCCCATGCGT
TCAGAACGTTGCTGCAGTCTTGCCCGCCACCTGATGACCCTTGTCATGGACCCGCTACAG
ACAGCATCTGTCCAGTGGTTTGAACGCACACTGGATGATAGTGCCAACCGACGGATCTGT
TTGGCCGAGGCATTTCTTACCGCAGATACTATATTGAATACGCTGCAGAACATTTCTGAA
GGATTGGTCGTGTACCCCAAAGTAATTGAACGGCGCATTCGGCAAGAGCTGCCTTTCATG
GCCACAGAGAACATCATCATGGCCATGGTCAAAGCTGGAGGTAGCCGCCAGGATTGCCAT
GAGAAAATCAGAGTGCTTTCTCAGCAGGCAGCTTCTGTGGTTAAGCAGGAAGGGGGTGAC
AATGACCTCATAGAGCGTATCCAGGTTGATGCCTACTTCAGTCCCATTCACTCCCAGTTG
GATCATTTACTGGATCCTTCTTCTTTCACTGGTCGTGCCTCCCAGCAGGTGCAGAGATTC
TTAGAAGAGGAGGTGTATCCCCTGTTAAAACCATATGAAAGCGTGATGAAGGTGAAAGCA
GAATTATGTCTGTAG
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID X65867 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID ADSL Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID ADSL Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:291 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 2 Locus 22q13.1|22q13.2
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Fon EA, Demczuk S, Delattre O, Thomas G, Rouleau GA: Mapping of the human adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) gene to chromosome 22q13.1-->q13.2. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1993;64(3-4):201-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kmoch S, Hartmannova H, Stiburkova B, Krijt J, Zikanova M, Sebesta I: Human adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), cloning and characterization of full-length cDNA and its isoform, gene structure and molecular basis for ADSL deficiency in six patients. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Jun 12;9(10):1501-13. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I: A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. Genome Biol. 2004;5(10):R84. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Stone RL, Aimi J, Barshop BA, Jaeken J, Van den Berghe G, Zalkin H, Dixon JE: A mutation in adenylosuccinate lyase associated with mental retardation and autistic features. Nat Genet. 1992 Apr;1(1):59-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Maaswinkel-Mooij PD, Laan LA, Onkenhout W, Brouwer OF, Jaeken J, Poorthuis BJ: Adenylosuccinase deficiency presenting with epilepsy in early infancy. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1997 Aug;20(4):606-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Verginelli D, Luckow B, Crifo C, Salerno C, Gross M: Identification of new mutations in the adenylosuccinate lyase gene associated with impaired enzyme activity in lymphocytes and red blood cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Feb 27;1406(1):81-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Marie S, Cuppens H, Heuterspreute M, Jaspers M, Tola EZ, Gu XX, Legius E, Vincent MF, Jaeken J, Cassiman JJ, Van den Berghe G: Mutation analysis in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: eight novel mutations in the re-evaluated full ADSL coding sequence. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):197-202. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Race V, Marie S, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G: Clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic correlations in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Sep 1;9(14):2159-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Castro M, Perez-Cerda C, Merinero B, Garcia MJ, Bernar J, Gil Nagel A, Torres J, Bermudez M, Garavito P, Marie S, Vincent F, Van den Berghe G, Ugarte M: Screening for adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: clinical, biochemical and molecular findings in four patients. Neuropediatrics. 2002 Aug;33(4):186-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Edery P, Chabrier S, Ceballos-Picot I, Marie S, Vincent MF, Tardieu M: Intrafamilial variability in the phenotypic expression of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: a report on three patients. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Jul 15;120A(2):185-90. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 6164
Enzyme 3 Name Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase
  2. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
  3. AICAR transformylase
  4. IMP cyclohydrolase
  5. ATIC
  6. IMP synthase
  7. Inosinicase
Enzyme 3 Gene Name ATIC
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH
MAPGQLALFSVSDKTGLVEFARNLTALGLNLVASGGTAKALRDAGLAVRDVSELTGFPEM
LGGRVKTLHPAVHAGILARNIPEDNADMARLDFNLIRVVACNLYPFVKTVASPGVTVEEA
VEQIDIGGVTLLRAAAKNHARVTVVCEPEDYVVVSTEMQSSESKDTSLETRRQLALKAFT
HTAQYDEAISDYFRKQYSKGVSQMPLRYGMNPHQTPAQLYTLQPKLPITVLNGAPGFINL
CDALNAWQLVKELKEALGIPAAASFKHVSPAGAAVGIPLSEDEAKVCMVYDLYKTLTPIS
AAYARARGADRMSSFGDFVALSDVCDVPTAKIISREVSDGIIAPGYEEEALTILSKKKNG
NYCVLQMDQSYKPDENEVRTLFGLHLSQKRNNGVVDKSLFSNVVTKNKDLPESALRDLIV
ATIAVKYTQSNSVCYAKNGQVIGIGAGQQSRIHCTRLAGDKANYWWLRHHPQVLSMKFKT
GVKRAEISNAIDQYVTGTIGEDEDLIKWKALFEEVPELLTEAEKKEWVEKLTEVSISSDA
FFPFRDNVDRAKRSGVAYIAAPSGSAADKVVIEACDELGIILAHTNLRLFHH
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 592
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 64615.3
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 6.70
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • IMP cyclohydrolase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • cyclohydrolase activity
  • glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
  • hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines
  • hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
  • IMP biosynthetic process
  • cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
  • nucleoside phosphate metabolic process
  • nucleotide metabolic process
  • purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
  • purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
  • purine nucleotide metabolic process
  • purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
Component
Enzyme 3 General Function Involved in IMP cyclohydrolase activity
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 steps in purine biosynthesis
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide [RN:R01127]
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 21104440 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P31939 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PUR9_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID 1P4R Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB File Show
Enzyme 3 3D Structure
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1779 bp
ATGGCTCCCGGCCAGCTCGCCTTATTTAGTGTCTCTGACAAAACCGGCCTTGTGGAATTT
GCAAGAAACCTGACCGCTCTTGGTTTGAATCTGGTCGCTTCCGGAGGGACTGCAAAAGCT
CTCAGGGATGCTGGTCTGGCAGTCAGAGATGTCTCTGAGTTGACGGGATTTCCTGAAATG
TTGGGGGGACGTGTGAAAACTTTGCATCCTGCAGTCCATGCTGGAATCCTAGCTCGTAAT
ATTCCAGAAGATAATGCTGACATGGCCAGACTTGATTTCAATCTTATAAGAGTTGTTGCC
TGCAATCTCTATCCCTTTGTAAAGACAGTGGCTTCTCCAGGTGTAACTGTTGAGGAGGCT
GTGGAGCAAATTGACATTGGTGGAGTAACCTTACTGAGAGCTGCAGCCAAAAACCACGCT
CGAGTGACAGTGGTGTGTGAACCAGAGGACTATGTGGTGGTGTCCACGGAGATGCAGAGC
TCCGAGAGTAAGGACACCTCCTTGGAGACTAGACGCCAGTTAGCCTTGAAGGCATTCACT
CATACGGCACAATATGATGAAGCAATTTCAGATTATTTCAGGAAACAGTACAGCAAAGGC
GTATCTCAGATGCCCTTGAGATATGGAATGAACCCACATCAGACCCCTGCCCAGCTGTAC
ACACTGCAGCCCAAGCTTCCCATCACAGTTCTAAATGGAGCCCCTGGATTTATAAACTTG
TGCGATGCTTTGAACGCCTGGCAGCTGGTGAAGGAACTCAAGGAGGCTTTAGGTATTCCA
GCCGCTGCCTCTTTCAAACATGTCAGCCCAGCAGGTGCTGCTGTTGGAATTCCACTCAGT
GAAGATGAGGCCAAAGTCTGCATGGTTTATGATCTCTATAAAACCCTCACACCCATCTCA
GCGGCATATGCAAGAGCAAGAGGGGCTGATAGGATGTCTTCATTTGGTGATTTTGTTGCA
TTGTCCGATGTTTGTGATGTACCAACTGCAAAAATTATTTCCAGAGAAGTATCTGATGGT
ATAATTGCCCCAGGATATGAAGAAGAAGCCTTGACAATACTTTCCAAAAAGAAAAATGGA
AACTATTGTGTCCTTCAGATGGACCAATCTTACAAACCAGATGAAAATGAAGTTCGAACT
CTCTTTGGTCTTCATTTAAGCCAGAAGAGAAATAATGGTGTCGTCGACAAGTCATTATTT
AGCAATGTTGTTACCAAAAATAAAGATTTGCCAGAGTCTGCCCTCCGAGACCTCATCGTA
GCCACCATTGCTGTCAAGTACACTCAGTCTAACTCTGTGTGCTACGCCAAGAACGGGCAG
GTTATCGGCATTGGAGCAGGACAGCAGTCTCGTATACACTGCACTCGCCTTGCAGGAGAT
AAGGCAAACTATTGGTGGCTTAGACACCATCCACAAGTGCTTTCGATGAAGTTTAAAACA
GGAGTGAAGAGAGCAGAAATCTCCAATGCCATCGATCAATATGTGACTGGAACCATTGGC
GAGGATGAAGATTTGATAAAGTGGAAGGCACTGTTTGAGGAAGTCCCTGAGTTACTCACT
GAGGCAGAGAAGAAGGAATGGGTTGAGAAACTGACTGAAGTTTCTATCAGCTCTGATGCC
TTCTTCCCTTTCCGAGATAACGTAGACAGAGCTAAAAGGAGTGGTGTGGCGTACATTGCG
GCTCCCTCCGGTTCTGCTGCTGACAAAGTTGTGATTGAGGCCTGCGACGAACTGGGAATC
ATCCTCGCTCATACGAACCTTCGGCTCTTCCACCACTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID AB062403 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID ATIC Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID ATIC Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:794 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 3 Locus 2q35
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Rayl EA, Moroson BA, Beardsley GP: The human purH gene product, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase. Cloning, sequencing, expression, purification, kinetic analysis, and domain mapping. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jan 26;271(4):2225-33. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Yamauchi M, Seki N, Mita K, Saito T, Tsuji S, Hongo E, Morimyo M, Shiomi T, Koyama H, Ayusawa D: Isolation of human purH gene expressed in the rodent transformant cells by subtractive enrichment of 3'-untranslated region of human transcript. DNA Res. 1995 Dec 31;2(6):269-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sugita T, Aya H, Ueno M, Ishizuka T, Kawashima K: Characterization of molecularly cloned human 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1997 Aug;122(2):309-13. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J: Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Electrophoresis. 1992 Dec;13(12):960-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Wolan DW, Cheong CG, Greasley SE, Wilson IA: Structural insights into the human and avian IMP cyclohydrolase mechanism via crystal structures with the bound XMP inhibitor. Biochemistry. 2004 Feb 10;43(5):1171-83. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Cheong CG, Wolan DW, Greasley SE, Horton PA, Beardsley GP, Wilson IA: Crystal structures of human bifunctional enzyme aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/IMP cyclohydrolase in complex with potent sulfonyl-containing antifolates. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 23;279(17):18034-45. Epub 2004 Feb 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Marie S, Heron B, Bitoun P, Timmerman T, Van Den Berghe G, Vincent MF: AICA-ribosiduria: a novel, neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;74(6):1276-81. Epub 2004 Apr 26. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available