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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for L-Methionine (HMDB00696)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:09:07 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00696
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name L-Methionine
Description Methionine is a dietary indispensable amino acid required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, it is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyl transferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is also required for synthesis of cysteine. Methionine is accepted as the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine. (PMID 16702340 Link_out). The adequacy range of dietary requirements of specific amino acids in disease states is difficult to determine. Requirements may not be similar in disease with regard to protein synthesis. Requirements for this purpose can be assessed only when such a function can be measured and related to clinical outcome. There is apparent consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethionemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimal recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g., acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established.(PMID 16702341 Link_out). Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. A "loading dose" of methionine (0.1 g/kg) has been given, and the resultant acute increase in plasma homocysteine has been used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Although this procedure results in vascular dysfunction, this is acute and unlikely to result in permanent damage. However, a 10-fold larger dose, given mistakenly, resulted in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times normal resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid. In infants, methionine intakes of 2 to 5 times normal resulted in impaired growth and extremely high plasma methionine levels, but no adverse long-term consequences were observed. (PMID 16702346 Link_out).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate
  2. (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
  3. (L)-methionine
  4. (S)-(+)-methionine
  5. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)-Butanoate
  6. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)-Butanoic acid
  7. (S)-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoate
  8. (S)-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid
  9. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  10. (S)-methionine
  11. 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyrate
  12. 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  13. 2-Amino-4-methylthiobutanoate
  14. 2-Amino-4-methylthiobutanoic acid
  15. A-Amino-g-methylmercaptobutyrate
  16. A-Amino-g-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  17. Acimethin
  18. alpha-Amino-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  19. alpha-Amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyrate
  20. alpha-Amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  21. Cymethion
  22. G-Methylthio-a-aminobutyrate
  23. G-Methylthio-a-aminobutyric acid
  24. gamma-Methylthio-alpha-aminobutyrate
  25. gamma-Methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  26. H-Met-h
  27. H-Met-oh
  28. L(-)-Amino-alpha-amino-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  29. L(-)-Amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid
  30. L-(-)-Methionine
  31. L-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  32. L-2-Amino-4-methylthiobutyric acid
  33. L-a-Amino-g-methylthiobutyrate
  34. L-a-Amino-g-methylthiobutyric acid
  35. L-alpha-Amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  36. L-alpha-Amino-gamma-methylthiobutyrate
  37. L-alpha-Amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid
  38. L-gamma-Methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  39. L-Methionin
  40. L-Methionine
  41. L-Methioninum
  42. Liquimeth
  43. Mepron
  44. MET
  45. Methilanin
  46. Methionine
  47. Methioninum
  48. Metionina
  49. Neo-methidin
  50. Poly-L-methionine
  51. Polymethionine
  52. S-Methionine
  53. S-Methyl-L-homocysteine
  54. Toxin WAR
Chemical Formula C5H11NO2S
Average Molecular Weight 149.211
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 149.051049291
IUPAC Name (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name L-methionine
CAS Registry Number 63-68-3
SMILES CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
InChI Key FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Class Amino Acids and Derivatives
Sub Class Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Other Descriptors
  • Aliphatic Acyclic Compounds
  • Common amino acids(KEGG)
  • amino acid zwitterion(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Primary Aliphatic Amine (Alkylamine)
  • Thioether
Direct Parent Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Food
Biofunction
  • Component of Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
  • Component of Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
  • Component of Histidine metabolism
  • Component of Methionine metabolism
  • Component of Selenoamino acid metabolism
  • Component of Tyrosine metabolism
  • Essential amino acids
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Extracellular
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 284 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 56.6 mg/mL YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
LogP -1.87 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 23.9 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -1.85 ALOGPS
LogP -2.2 ChemAxon
LogS -0.80 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 2.53 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.5 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 2 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 63.32 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 4 ChemAxon
Refractivity 37.59 ChemAxon
Polarizability 15.5 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
13C NMR Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • Muscle
  • Fibroblasts
  • Pancreas
  • Prostate
  • Spleen
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Betaine Metabolism SMP00123 map00260 Link_out
Methionine Metabolism SMP00033 map00270 Link_out
Transcription/Translation SMP00019 Not Available
Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis SMP00445 Not Available
Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP00004 map00260 Link_out
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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25.0 (21.0-29.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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33.4 +/- 9 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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35.0 +/- 5.0 uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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27.0 +/- 5.0 uM Children (1-13 year old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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32.0 +/- 6.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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27.0 +/- 5.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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29.8 +/- 6.3 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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5 +/- 4 uM Not Specified Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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3.6 +/- 0.98 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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2.9 +/- 0.69 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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1.9 +/- 0.7 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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6.1 +/- 3.1 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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4.3 +/- 2.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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4.07 (3.00-5.14) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.0 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
2.303 (0.658-3.947) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
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Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal After green tea sonsumption
Urine Detected and not Quantified
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Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal After black tea sonsumption
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.70 +/- 1.01 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.065 (0.0-0.13) umol/mmol creatinine Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.8 (0.4-1.6) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by LC-MS/MS (Biocrates kit)
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.611 +/- 0.45 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.3 +/- 0.97 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.12 +/- 0.97 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.4 (0.5-2.5) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal urine by NMR
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.4 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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1.21 +/- 1.20 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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17.8 (17.0-18.6) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Epilepsy Acute seizures (0.1, 9.3) 2-6 years:
Blood Detected and Quantified
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775.00 (250.00-1300.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Methionine adenosyl transferase deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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17.3 +/- 9.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Heart Transplant Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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518.5 (37.00-1000.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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750.0 (500.00-1000.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Glycine N-Methyltransferase deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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20.00 (10.00-30.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Homocystinuria due to defect of N(5,10)-methylene THF deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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9.00 (0.00-18.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Homocystinuria Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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415.0 +/- 7.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Heart failure Non-diabetic patients with chronic heart failure
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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2.7 +/- 0.67 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Schizophrenia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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6.0 +/- 5.3 uM Children (1-13 year old) Not Specified Leukemia Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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3.5 +/- 0.4 uM Children (1-13 year old) Not Specified Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central...
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Epilepsy
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
    Leukemia
    • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. Pubmed: 15911239 Link_out
      Heart failure
      • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. Pubmed: 16789974 Link_out
        Schizophrenia
        • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. Pubmed: 7595563 Link_out
          Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency
            • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=GLYCINE%20N-METHYLTRANSFERASE%20DEFICIENCY
            Homocystinuria due to defect of N(5,10)-methylene THF deficiency
              • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=HOMOCYSTINURIA%20DUE%20TO%20DEFECT%20OF%20N(5,10)-METHYLENE%20THF%20DEFICIENCY
              Homocystinuria
                • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=HOMOCYSTINURIA%20DUE%20TO%20DEFECT%20OF%20N(5,10)-METHYLENE%20THF%20DEFICIENCY
                Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency
                  • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=METHIONINE%20ADENOSYL%20TRANSFERASE%20DEFICIENCY
                  Hypermethioninemia
                    • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE%20HYDROLASE%20DEFICIENCY
                    Associated OMIM IDs
                    • 181500 Link_out (Schizophrenia)
                    • 236200 Link_out (Homocystinuria)
                    • 613752 Link_out (Hypermethioninemia)
                    • 250850 Link_out (Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency)
                    • 606664 Link_out (Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency)
                    • 236250 Link_out (Homocystinuria due to defect of N(5,10)-methylene THF deficiency)
                    DrugBank ID DB00134 Link_out
                    Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
                    Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
                    FoodDB ID FDB012683
                    KNApSAcK ID C00001379 Link_out
                    Chemspider ID 5907 Link_out
                    KEGG Compound ID C00073 Link_out
                    BioCyc ID MET Link_out
                    BiGG ID 33753 Link_out
                    Wikipedia Link MET Link_out
                    NuGOwiki Link HMDB00696 Link_out
                    Metagene Link HMDB00696 Link_out
                    METLIN ID 5664 Link_out
                    PubChem Compound 6137 Link_out
                    PDB ID MET Link_out
                    ChEBI ID 16643 Link_out
                    References
                    Synthesis Reference Boy, Matthias; Klein, Daniela; Schroeder, Hartwig. Method for the production and recovery of methionine. PCT Int. Appl. (2005), 34 pp.
                    Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
                    General References
                    1. Alme B, Bremmelgaard A, Sjovall J, Thomassen P: Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatorgaphy-mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res. 1977 May;18(3):339-62. Pubmed: 864325 Link_out
                    2. Sardharwalla IB, Fowler B, Robins AJ, Komrower GM: Detection of heterozygotes for homocystinuria. Study of sulphur-containing amino acids in plasma and urine after L-methionine loading. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Jul;49(7):553-9. Pubmed: 4851308 Link_out
                    3. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. Pubmed: 15911239 Link_out
                    4. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. Pubmed: 12297216 Link_out
                    5. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
                    6. Alton KB, Hernandez A, Alvarez N, Patrick JE: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-[2(S)-(mercaptomethyl)-3-(2-methylphenyl)-1-oxopropyl]-L-methionine, the active plasma metabolite of a prodrug atriopeptidase inhibitor (SCH 42495), using a thiol selective (Au/Hg) amperometric detector. J Chromatogr. 1992 Sep 2;579(2):307-17. Pubmed: 1429978 Link_out
                    7. Fischer JL, Lancia JK, Mathur A, Smith ML: Selenium protection from DNA damage involves a Ref1/p53/Brca1 protein complex. Anticancer Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2A):899-904. Pubmed: 16619485 Link_out
                    8. Kersemans V, Cornelissen B, Kersemans K, Bauwens M, Achten E, Dierckx RA, Mertens J, Slegers G: In vivo characterization of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine in an R1M rhabdomyosarcoma athymic mouse model as a potential tumor tracer for SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2005 Mar;46(3):532-9. Pubmed: 15750170 Link_out
                    9. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. Pubmed: 2026685 Link_out
                    10. Ditscheid B, Funfstuck R, Busch M, Schubert R, Gerth J, Jahreis G: Effect of L-methionine supplementation on plasma homocysteine and other free amino acids: a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;59(6):768-75. Pubmed: 15870821 Link_out
                    11. Hesse A, Heimbach D: Causes of phosphate stone formation and the importance of metaphylaxis by urinary acidification: a review. World J Urol. 1999 Oct;17(5):308-15. Pubmed: 10552150 Link_out
                    12. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. Pubmed: 12834252 Link_out
                    13. Harth G, Horwitz MA: Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase as a novel antibiotic strategy against tuberculosis: demonstration of efficacy in vivo. Infect Immun. 2003 Jan;71(1):456-64. Pubmed: 12496196 Link_out
                    14. Takasu A, Shimosegawa T, Shimosegawa E, Hatazawa J, Kimura K, Fujita M, Koizumi M, Kanno I, Toyota T: 11C-methionine uptake to the pancreas and its secretion: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Pancreas. 1999 May;18(4):392-8. Pubmed: 10231845 Link_out
                    15. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. Pubmed: 6198473 Link_out
                    16. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411 Link_out
                    Enzymes
                    Name: Methionine synthase
                    Reactions:
                    • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine [RN:R00946]
                    Gene Name: MTR
                    Uniprot ID: Q99707 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
                    Reactions:
                    • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+ [RN:R01224 R07168]
                    Gene Name: MTHFR
                    Uniprot ID: P42898 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Tyrosine aminotransferase
                    Reactions:
                    • L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate [RN:R00734]
                    Gene Name: TAT
                    Uniprot ID: P17735 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-2
                    Reactions:
                    • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine [RN:R00177]
                    Gene Name: MAT2A
                    Uniprot ID: P31153 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Arsenite methyltransferase
                    Reactions:
                    • (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate [RN:R05755]
                    • (2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate [RN:R05756]
                    Gene Name: AS3MT
                    Uniprot ID: Q9HBK9 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase
                    Reactions:
                    • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + an amine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated amine [RN:R02808]
                    Gene Name: INMT
                    Uniprot ID: O95050 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-1
                    Reactions:
                    • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine [RN:R00177]
                    Gene Name: MAT1A
                    Uniprot ID: Q00266 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Methionine synthase reductase
                    Reactions:
                    • 2 [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + 2 S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+ = 2 [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine [RN:R05182]
                    Gene Name: MTRR
                    Uniprot ID: Q9UBK8 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase
                    Reactions:
                    • (1) peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin [RN:R04120]
                    • (2) L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin [RN:R07606]
                    Gene Name: MSRA
                    Uniprot ID: Q9UJ68 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
                    Reactions:
                    • trimethylammonioacetate + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine [RN:R02821]
                    Gene Name: BHMT
                    Uniprot ID: Q93088 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
                    Reactions:
                    • ATP + L-methionine + tRNAMet = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNAMet [RN:R03659]
                    Gene Name: MARS
                    Uniprot ID: P56192 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Glutamine synthetase
                    Reactions:
                    • ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine [RN:R00253]
                    Gene Name: GLUL
                    Uniprot ID: P15104 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta
                    Reactions:
                      Gene Name: MAT2B
                      Uniprot ID: Q9NZL9 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2
                      Reactions:
                      • trimethylammonioacetate + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine [RN:R02821]
                      Gene Name: BHMT2
                      Uniprot ID: Q9H2M3 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Methionine aminopeptidase 2
                      Reactions:
                      • Release of N-terminal amino acids, preferentially methionine, from peptides and arylamides
                      Gene Name: METAP2
                      Uniprot ID: P50579 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2, mitochondrial
                      Reactions:
                        Gene Name: MSRB2
                        Uniprot ID: Q9Y3D2 Link_out
                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                        Name: Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
                        Reactions:
                        • ATP + L-methionine + tRNAMet = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNAMet [RN:R03659]
                        Gene Name: MARS2
                        Uniprot ID: Q96GW9 Link_out
                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                        Name: Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1
                        Reactions:
                          Gene Name: SEPX1
                          Uniprot ID: Q9NZV6 Link_out
                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                          Transporters
                          Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
                          Reactions:
                            Gene Name: SLC16A10
                            Uniprot ID: Q8TF71 Link_out
                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                            Gene Sequence: FASTA