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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:00 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000328
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00328
Metabolite Identification
Common Name12-Ketodeoxycholic acid
Description12-Ketodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ).
Structure
Data?1582752124
Synonyms
ValueSource
12-KetodeoxycholateGenerator
(3a,5b)-3-Hydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-OateHMDB
(3a,5b)-3-Hydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-Oic acidHMDB
(3alpha,5beta)-3-Hydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-OateHMDB
(3alpha,5beta)-3-Hydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-Oic acidHMDB
12-DehydrodeoxycholateHMDB
12-Dehydrodeoxycholic acidHMDB
12-KetolithocholateHMDB
12-Ketolithocholic acidHMDB
12-oxo-3a-Hydroxy-5b-cholanateHMDB
12-oxo-3a-Hydroxy-5b-cholanic acidHMDB
12-OxolithocholateHMDB
12-Oxolithocholic acidHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholan-24-OateHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholan-24-Oic acidHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholanateHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholanic acidHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholanoateHMDB
3a-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5b-cholanoic acidHMDB
3-Hydroxy-12-ketocholanoic acidHMDB
12-Ketolithocholic acid, (3beta,5beta)-isomerHMDB
3 alpha-Hydroxy-12-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acidHMDB
(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-Hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-16-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoateHMDB
Chemical FormulaC24H38O4
Average Molecular Weight390.5561
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight390.277009704
IUPAC Name(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-16-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid
Traditional Name12-ketolithocholic acid
CAS Registry Number5130-29-0
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC(=O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C24H38O4/c1-14(4-9-22(27)28)18-7-8-19-17-6-5-15-12-16(25)10-11-23(15,2)20(17)13-21(26)24(18,19)3/h14-20,25H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19+,20+,23+,24-/m1/s1
InChI KeyCVNYHSDFZXHMMJ-VPUMZWJWSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monohydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives. These are bile acids, alcohols or any of their derivatives bearing a hydroxyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassBile acids, alcohols and derivatives
Direct ParentMonohydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Monohydroxy bile acid, alcohol, or derivatives
  • 3-hydroxysteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid
  • Oxosteroid
  • 12-oxosteroid
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic oxide
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.013 g/LALOGPS
logP3.78ALOGPS
logP4.35ChemAxon
logS-4.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.56ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area74.6 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity108.37 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability45.52 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+190.38131661259
DarkChem[M-H]-187.63231661259
AllCCS[M+H]+199.16432859911
AllCCS[M-H]-199.19832859911
DeepCCS[M-2H]-228.23230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+202.0930932474
AllCCS[M+H]+199.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+197.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+201.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+201.832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-199.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-200.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-201.932859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC(=O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O3587.1Standard polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC(=O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O3292.7Standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC(=O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O3455.3Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3384.1Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TMS,isomer #2C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3345.7Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TMS,isomer #3C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3294.8Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3312.3Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TMS,isomer #2C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3235.1Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TMS,isomer #3C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3259.5Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3216.9Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3184.7Standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3603.8Standard polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3612.4Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3614.3Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #3C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3547.5Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC(=O)[C@@]21C3820.3Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3678.0Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3758.9Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3907.2Semi standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3606.9Standard non polar33892256
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](CCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]21C3860.3Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-02wa-0309000000-107696c445ee2097f3ad2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01b9-2200690000-116b9b25c9a86c4f42592017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-0973000000-c05ff42fd008465bafb32021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-006x-0009000000-5dee4fb39c808ac6bd6b2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-a3abedb65cc015b126a42021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-0973000000-27eab1754ab850b5d8332021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0009000000-8cbf377d4ac0ead7f4782015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05i0-0009000000-f445f21e6bb19a3e03e22015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0400-3519000000-e95ed419ca30aa610aad2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0009000000-d2798e61ab8bdbb8b70c2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00dr-1009000000-08abf1a9cb419252bf5a2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-9006000000-1e75d302e82f8e8c004f2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0596-0009000000-e1273a9cf6cd8fec50902021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05fr-2295000000-496364ed24778803b66a2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-9620000000-568df3571bdbbb2890612021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0009000000-0312986dad14766b7b5a2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0079-0009000000-9c3b566629f1b019e8c82021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1079000000-22dd9a5f612d7b6352802021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB021953
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2338365
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN ID5317
PubChem Compound3080612
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID803536
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceSuzuki, Yoshinori; Okamura, Akio; Shimomura, Kazuo; Suzuki, Tadayuki. Purification of bile acids. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1985), 6 pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Reddy B, Engle A, Katsifis S, Simi B, Bartram HP, Perrino P, Mahan C: Biochemical epidemiology of colon cancer: effect of types of dietary fiber on fecal mutagens, acid, and neutral sterols in healthy subjects. Cancer Res. 1989 Aug 15;49(16):4629-35. [PubMed:2545348 ]
  2. Barker GM, Radley S, Bain I, Davis A, Lawson AM, Keighley MR, Neoptolemos JP: Biliary bile acid profiles in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis before and after colectomy. Br J Surg. 1994 Mar;81(3):441-4. [PubMed:8173925 ]
  3. Andersen E, Karlaganis G, Sjovall J: Altered bile acid profiles in duodenal bile and urine in diabetic subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 1988 Apr;18(2):166-72. [PubMed:3133222 ]
  4. St-Pierre MV, Kullak-Ublick GA, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ: Transport of bile acids in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. J Exp Biol. 2001 May;204(Pt 10):1673-86. [PubMed:11316487 ]
  5. Claudel T, Staels B, Kuipers F: The Farnesoid X receptor: a molecular link between bile acid and lipid and glucose metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Oct;25(10):2020-30. Epub 2005 Jul 21. [PubMed:16037564 ]
  6. Chiang JY: Bile acid regulation of hepatic physiology: III. Bile acids and nuclear receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):G349-56. [PubMed:12576301 ]
  7. Davis RA, Miyake JH, Hui TY, Spann NJ: Regulation of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase: BAREly missing a SHP. J Lipid Res. 2002 Apr;43(4):533-43. [PubMed:11907135 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in binding
Specific function:
Ileal protein which stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion. Seems to be able to bind to bile salts and bilirubins. Isoform 2 is essential for the survival of colon cancer cells to bile acid-induced apoptosis
Gene Name:
FABP6
Uniprot ID:
P51161
Molecular weight:
14371.2
References
  1. Kurz M, Brachvogel V, Matter H, Stengelin S, Thuring H, Kramer W: Insights into the bile acid transportation system: the human ileal lipid-binding protein-cholyltaurine complex and its comparison with homologous structures. Proteins. 2003 Feb 1;50(2):312-28. [PubMed:12486725 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotrexate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP)
Gene Name:
SLCO1B3
Uniprot ID:
Q9NPD5
Molecular weight:
77402.2
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver
Gene Name:
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y6L6
Molecular weight:
76448.0
References
  1. Michalski C, Cui Y, Nies AT, Nuessler AK, Neuhaus P, Zanger UM, Klein K, Eichelbaum M, Keppler D, Konig J: A naturally occurring mutation in the SLC21A6 gene causing impaired membrane localization of the hepatocyte uptake transporter. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 8;277(45):43058-63. Epub 2002 Aug 23. [PubMed:12196548 ]
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Acts as an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocytes
Gene Name:
ABCC3
Uniprot ID:
O15438
Molecular weight:
169341.1
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes
Gene Name:
ABCB11
Uniprot ID:
O95342
Molecular weight:
146405.8
General function:
Involved in bile acid:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Plays a critical role in the sodium-dependent reabsorption of bile acids from the lumen of the small intestine. Plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism
Gene Name:
SLC10A2
Uniprot ID:
Q12908
Molecular weight:
37697.4
References
  1. Kramer W, Girbig F, Glombik H, Corsiero D, Stengelin S, Weyland C: Identification of a ligand-binding site in the Na+/bile acid cotransporting protein from rabbit ileum. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):36020-7. Epub 2001 Jul 10. [PubMed:11447228 ]
General function:
Involved in bile acid:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presence of sodium.
Gene Name:
SLC10A1
Uniprot ID:
Q14973
Molecular weight:
38118.64
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids
Gene Name:
SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID:
P46721
Molecular weight:
74144.1
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate
Gene Name:
SLCO4A1
Uniprot ID:
Q96BD0
Molecular weight:
77192.5